had made no effort to defend, and therefore they should have been treated as non-combatants. The forts at Fond de la Baie, now rendered Bay of Fundy, were not capable of vigorous defence, and with their fall the whole region east of the Penobscot became British.

73. Louisburg was the next point to be carried, and Gen. Loudoun was to have made the attack in 1757, but after much preparation he abandoned the project and remained at Halifax. Gen. Wolfe and Gen. Amherst, afterwards commander-inchief, captured the city and fortifications of Louisburg in 1758, after a sharp bombardment; but the island was not made the rendezvous of the British forces.

74. A FRUITLESS BATTLE. When Gen. Braddock was marching to his defeat and death, near Fort Du Quesne, MajorGen. Johnson, in command of the provincial forces, approached Crown Point. Baron Dieskau, the officer in charge of the French fortress, did not wait to be attacked; he led his forces, with his Indian allies, against Gen. Johnson's camp, and came. near destroying the whole expedition. The commandant being wounded early in the affray, the conduct of the defence fell upon Phineas Lyman, the second in command; and with such men as Israel Putnam in the ranks, fighting as private soldiers, it would have been difficult to entirely lose the day. The attacking party was routed completely, but there was no attempt on the part of the commandant to capture Crown Point. Gen. Johnson was made a baronet, had the thanks of Parliament and twenty-five thousand dollars, because of the otherwise barren victory, which he did not improve. This action took place in September, 1775, and after loitering a while longer, building Fort William Henry, he returned to Albany, leaving a small force in charge of the useless fortification. This fort was afterwards taken by the French.

75. GEN. ABERCROMBIE'S FAILURE. About four months before Fort Du Quesne fell, in November, 1758, Gen. Abercrombie, a British officer, ordered an assault upon Ticonderoga, unsupported by artillery, and it was noticed that he was conspicuous by his absence during the fruitless assault. general was properly removed from the command soon afterwards. The attack was a disastrous failure.

The

76. OVERCOMING THE DIFFICULTY. Gen. Amherst, with a large army, compelled the evacuation of both Ticonderoga and Crown Point by the French, in 1759, and thus another step was obtained towards security for British Colonial America.

77. General Shirley was to have captured Fort Niagara in 1755, but having reached Oswego with his forces, he was discouraged because of the defeat of General Braddock, and after building a fort, which was afterwards captured by the French general, Montcalm, with a quantity of valuable stores, he left a garrison, to become prisoners, and returned. Four years later, in 1759, General Prideaux compelled Fort Niagara to surrender, and the west was fully possessed by the British and colonial forces.

78. WOLFE AND MONTCALM. The summer of 1759 saw two able and brave men pitted against each other at Quebec. Gen. Wolfe, with a large naval force and eight thousand troops, arrived off Quebec, designing to attack and capture that city and fortress from a French force equal to his own, in a strong position, commanded by a gallant and entirely competent officer, General Montcalm. The city was destroyed without difficulty, by bombardment, but the citadel on the Heights, beyond the Plains of Abraham, seemed to defy all possibility of capture. Wolfe, sick in bed, revolved many schemes; but none promised success, until a careful reconnaissance revealed a narrow pathway up the precipitous rocks, and by that road he led his troops to victory. The shore was guarded by sentinels, but a device prevented a premature alarm, and the soldiers were on the Heights ready for battle before daybreak, on the thirteenth of September, 1759. Montcalm was almost paralyzed by the audacity of the assault; but as soon as it became evident that it was an attack in force he used all the means at his disposal to destroy the assailants. Both commanders fell, mortally wounded. Wolfe, thrice struck, died on the field of battle, and Montcalm followed him within twelve hours. The steady conduct of Wolfe's troops was in marked contrast to the precipitancy of the French soldiery on this occasion, and a bayonet charge which Wolfe proposed to lead in person, decided the contest. Quebec garrison and city capitulated five days after the ascent of the Heights to the Plains of Abraham, and this event more than any other contributed to bring the war to an end. The pathetic courage and skill of General Wolfe, with the devotion of Montcalm, divided the admiration of mankind.

79. WILLIAM PITT'S POLICY. The capable and bold man who had conducted the war to the point just seen was wise enough to be aware that France would not lose Canada without a final effort; consequently when, in 1760, there was an attempt to recapture Quebec, a powerful and well-appointed fleet was

despatched in time to defeat the movement. Montreal was taken, and all Canada came under British sway. Spain ceded Florida, and France gave up her territories east of the Mississippi to England, except certain small fishing-stations south of Newfoundland. New Orleans and the country west of the Mississippi, held by France, was given to Spain, and Louisiana remained to be dealt with later by Napoleon.

80. THE OTTAWA CHIEF. Pontiac represented, better than any other Indian of his time, the deep hold that the policy of the French had taken upon the tribes. The insolence and hauteur of the British officer and troops roused in the Indian nature all that was least lovely, while the polite and friendly bearing of the Frenchman had made allies in all directions. The difference being constitutional, there is no ground for wonderment that the same result has been experienced by all the leading Frenchmen, from Father Marquette and the Baron La Salle to Montcalm, dying at Quebec. Soon after the French forts were surrendered to the English, Pontiac, chief of the Ottawas, an able and very treacherous man, proposed to the several tribes a combination against the enemy, so that they, being taken unawares, might be despoiled of all their possessions. Many forts were carried by sudden assaults and other devices. Detroit was to have been the grand stroke, and Pontiac presided there in person; but the night before the attack an Indian squaw, to whom the governor had been kind, revealed the conspiracy. Pontiac and his braves were to wait upon the governor as a delegation, apparently unarmed, but really with their muskets, shortened for the purpose, hidden under their mantles. The chief was to make a complimentary speech, and at its conclusion offer a belt indicative of friendship to the doomed officer; but the manner, differing from the customary method, was to be a signal for the warriors to carry out their scheme of slaughter, by killing the governor and his household first, and then proceeding to the demolition of the settlement. The delegation was received, but every man surrounding the governor was armed ostentatiously; and while Pontiac was speaking, the soldiers on guard in the anteroom were heard handling their weapons so that the wary Indian was afraid to carry out his design. The belt was presented to the governor in the manner indicating peace, and the design was frustrated. The governor, in reply, accused the Indians of treachery; and when they protested that he had been deceived, he pulled aside their dresses, showing their concealed weapons in confirmation

of his statements. Seeing that they held a safe conduct, he permitted them to escape, but the Indians, foiled in their immediate scheme, regularly besieged the city, and the attempt only failed because the allied tribes lost confidence in their leader. Their schemes were successful in eight cases, and their victims were destroyed without mercy. Besides the forts taken, many settlements were ravaged; but eventually Pontiac, still intent on vengeance, was stabbed by an Indian who wished to end the series of disasters that he was bringing upon the tribes. The war ended with a treaty in which nearly all the Indians concurred.

81. CONSEQUENCES OF TRAINING. While these wars lasted the colonies, hitherto divided by distance, and in some degree by petty jealousies, learned to know and to respect each other; so that, although thirty thousand men were lost in the several conflicts and consequences, the force that remained was stronger in proportion and more ready for the work that must be done. The cost of the several undertakings had aggregated about sixteen million dollars, and only about five million dollars of that sum was paid back by Great Britain. Many who might have been first-class Tories but for experience were completely cured by contact with British officers, who looked superciliously upon every man, however brave, unless he had the manners and angularities of the regularly trained military man.

CHAPTER X.

ENGLAND FROM 1600 TO 1760.

THE REIGNS OF JAMES I., CHARLES I., CROMWELL, CHARLES II., JAMES II., WILLIAM III., ANNE, GEORGE I., AND GEORGE II.

1. ENGLAND'S deep-minded, high-spirited, stout-hearted Woman king, Elizabeth, was succeeded by James I., the first of the unhappy race of Stuart, on the 25th of July, 1603. At this time there were three religious parties in the kingdom, — the Established Church, the Roman Catholics, and the Puritans. The new king deceived and disappointed both the latter by giving all his support to the Established Church. It was not long until all the disappointed, both of religious and political parties, contrived plots against the king. These were mostly

All

discovered and punished. Among those who fell victims to these conspiracies was Sir Walter Raleigh. He was charged with conspiring against the life of the king, designing to overthrow the government and religion of the realm, and to place the Lady Arabella Stuart (a descendant of Henry VII.) on the throne. Raleigh, who was one of the greatest geniuses of his age, had rendered glorious services to the crown, as a navigator, a discoverer, and a brave defender of his country. these claims were disregarded. He was brought to trial before a court composed of the bitterest of his enemies; and, notwithstanding one of the most eloquent defences that was ever pleaded in a court of justice, this brave man was declared guilty, and committed to the Tower. Near the close of the year 1604, the exasperated Catholics entered into the gunpowder-plot conspiracy, which was also discovered, and its participants duly punished, and the laws against the Roman Catholics were made

even more severe.

James I. had a very high idea of the divine right of kings, and wrote a book to prove his theory. He did all in his power to protect the royal prerogative. In these exalted notions he was supported by the bishops, and most of the nobility. But the Commons opposed him, and remained true to the best interests of the nation. James I. was extravagant, and therefore exorbitant in his demands upon the Commons for means. When the Commons refused to grant his requests, he sold patents of nobility, and created a new title-that of baronet, which he made hereditary and sold for a thousand pounds. His subjects complained of his extravagance and excesses. In this reign perished a victim to the jealousy of the monarch for his title to the throne, the Lady Arabella Stuart. Like the victims of preceding reigns, she was beautiful, accomplished, and unambitious; her only crime being that she, too, although in a more remote degree than James, was descended from Margaret, the daughter of Henry VII. As long as she remained single, although closely watched, the Lady Arabella was not persecuted; but, on her marriage with Sir William Seymour, she was taken into custody, and her husband was sent to the Tower. Both contrived to escape. Sir William Seymour, in the disguise of a physician, managed to get safely to Flanders; but the unfortunate Lady Arabella was seized midway across the Channel, and brought back to England, where, after four sad years of captivity in the Tower, she died insane. In 1612 the Count Palatino, a German prince, came to England