ernors Arbuthnot, Hughes, Hammond, Parr, and Fanning. Legge was a sharp man of business, very industrious, and was particularly active in correcting abuses in the expenditure of the public funds. He made himself unpopular by examining into the past expenses of the province, which was then twenty thousand pounds in debt, and much excitement was caused by the fact that the books of the late treasurer could not be found. Legge was greatly disliked by the council, and that body was glad of his recall.

8. The war had not been fairly over in the United States when the loyalists began to pour into Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. On the 18th of May, 1783, the ships bearing the first arrivals of these loyalists arrived at Navy Island, and during the summer over five thousand had settled between Passtown and St. Ann's. The arrivals at Annapolis, Port Roseway, and other points, were also large, and in the fall of 1783 the lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, in a letter to Lord North, estimated the whole number of loyalist emigrants at over thirteen thousand. They included all classes, disbanded soldiers, lawyers, clergymen, merchants, farmers, and mechanics. They brought nothing with them but a persistent energy, but that has proved a valuable acquisition for the maritime provinces.

9. In 1783 Nova Scotia vindicated her intelligence by removing some of the disabilities from Roman Catholics. The province, on this point, was in advance of the mother country. However, all of these disabilities were not removed until 1829. The new population from the American colonies was destined to work a considerable change in the political divisions of the country. At first they began to urge a larger representation for the districts which they occupied in the Legislature. Next they began to agitate for a division of the province, -a policy which the governor strongly opposed, and which gave rise to much ill feeling. Governor Parr went so far as to remove some of the loyalists to the opposite side of the Bay of Fundy; but this did not help the difficulty, and the loyalists, who had many warm friends at the English court, urged a division so judiciously that the ministry yielded to their desires, and the province of New Brunswick was created, and received its name in honor of the House of Brunswick, the reigning family of England. The division took place in the fall of 1784, and Col. Thomas Carleton, brother of Lord Dorchester, was appointed the first

governor of the new province. In the same year Cape Breton was made a separate province, and, as the island of St. John (Prince Edward Island) had been separated from Nova Scotia in 1770, there were now four separate governments in the maritime provinces.

CHAPTER XXV.

NOVA SCOTIA FROM 1784 TO 1837.

CAPE BRETON THE WAR OF 1812-14, FROM A NOVA SCOTIA STAND-POINTINTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE PROVINCE.

1. THE province prospered well under the government of Edward Fanning, Esq., from 1783 to 1791. The event which caused most excitement and pleasure was the arrival, on the 4th of October, 1786, of H.R.H. Prince William Henry, afterwards William IV. The city dressed herself in her best attire, and presented quite a festive appearance during his stay. In 1792 John Wentworth arrived at Halifax as governor. His first act was to dissolve the Assembly which had sat for seven years. The new election passed off quietly. In May, 1794, H.R.H. Prince Edward, afterwards Duke of Kent, and the father of the present Queen Victoria, arrived at Halifax, where he remained for some time. But three years later a sad event occurred to cast a gloom over the province. H.M. frigate, "La Tribune," a fine ship of forty-two guns, was lost near Herring Cove, and out of the crew of two hundred and forty men, with some women and children, only eight lives were saved. Many of the unfortunate crew clung to the rigging for hours, but were all washed off or fell exhausted into the sea; the first person who went to their rescue the next morning being a boy of thirteen, who went out alone in a skiff.

2. Sir John Wentworth, who had been knighted since his arrival in the country, administered the affairs of the province, for sixteen years, in a very satisfactory manner. He was a strong supporter of the church, and through his influence King's College was established at Windsor, in the interests of the Church of England, all other denominations being excluded. He was an accomplished gentleman, and retired from the gov

ernment with the respect of all classes. He was succeeded by Sir George Provost, in 1808. The latter administered the affairs of the province until 1811, when he was called to the governorship of Canada. His term was not characterized by any very important events. He made a tour of the province, and expressed himself as highly pleased with the general progress of the several industries. The governor laid the foundation stone of the provincial building in 1811, and in doing so he said, "May the building which shall arise from this foundation perpetuate the loyalty and liberality of Nova Scotia." It was now evident that a war would take place between England and the United States, and Sir George was transferred to the government of Canada, his place in Nova Scotia being taken by Sir John Coape Sherbrooke. Sir John arrived at Halifax in October, 1811. In the following June Parliament was summoned to meet the demands of the war. Eight thousand pounds were voted for block-houses, twenty-two thousand pounds for militia purposes, and provision was made for borrowing thirty thousand pounds for general defence. The war nearly doubled all kinds of trade in Halifax. It was from this port that the "Shannon," under Capt. Broke, sailed for Boston harbor, where she met and so completely demolished the "Chesapeake," of which an account has already been given. Early in July, 1814, instructions were received to assume the offensive towards the State of Maine, lying near New Brunswick. Sir John Coape Sherbrooke sent Col. Pilkington, with a small force, to take possession of Moose Island, in Passamaquoddy Bay, which he did, the garrison of seven officers and eight men surrendering themselves prisoners of war. On the 26th of August Sir John sailed from Halifax, with a fleet under Admiral Griffiths, and, ascending the Penobscot river, established himself at Castine in September, without opposition, the enemy having destroyed the magazine and retreated. Sir John next sent six hundred troops, with a body of sailors, to capture the frigate "Adams," which had passed up to Hampden, where she was protected by some batteries. The towns of Machias and Bangor were taken, and the whole country from Penobscot to New Brunswick was brought under the British rule, where it remained till the end of the war. Sir John Sherbrooke was publicly thanked for this gallant service, and the Assembly voted one thousand pounds to buy him a service of plate. Nova Scotia flourished during the war in every department of trade and commerce. Sir John was a popular

governor, and just before he retired the principal citizens of Halifax tendered him a grand banquet. He remained in office until 1816, when he was promoted to the governor-generalship of Canada. The affairs of the province were administered temporarily by Maj.-Gen. Stracy Smith, until the arrival of the Earl of Dalhousie, who regularly succeeded Sir John Sherbrooke.

3. The earl's administration was distinguished by the founding of Dalhousie college. The Legislature, on the recommendation of the governor, granted thirty-nine thousand dollars, out of the Castine fund, a fund raised in Maine during the war, while the British held possession there. This grant was for the founding of a college in Halifax, in connection with the church of Scotland, but open to all denominations. In 1818 a part of the parade-ground was given for a site for the proposed college. In 1819 the Legislature made a grant of eight thousand dollars for the erection of a new institution to be called Dalhousie college. In 1820 the college was incorporated, and one year after another grant was made of four thousand dollars towards the erection of a building. Owing to a variety of causes, chief of which was the existence of several rival institutions in Nova Scotia, the new institution was not put in successful operation until 1863, when various denominations united to support it. The general business affairs of the province fell into a condition of comparative stagnation after the war, and for a considerable period hard times prevailed; but the able administration of the Earl of Dalhousie did much to revive the lagging industries. The earl was promoted to the governor-generalship of Canada, and was succeeded by Lieutenant-General Sir James Kempt, G.C.B., in June, 1820.

4. Sir James opened his administration with an effort to annex Cape Breton to Nova Scotia, and we may therefore glance over the history of that island from its erection into a separate province, in 1784, to the reunion with Nova Scotia, in 1820; and in the first place Cape Breton did not enjoy a very successful career as a separate dependency. The council constantly quarrelled with itself and with the governor. Major Desbarres was the first governor appointed, and he arrived in 1784. Previously Louisbourg had been the capital of the island; but the new governor selected a site on Spanish river, and built a residence there. He called the place Sydney, in honor of the colonial secretary of that day. This place has grown to be a considerable town, and was the capital of the island throughout

its separate existence. In 1786 grants were made to loyalists, and the settlements greatly increased. Desbarres was succeeded by Colonel McCormick, but the administration of the latter was not attended with much success for the people of the island. When he retired the government was left with the president of the council or his successor. The immigration of Highlanders was an event in the history of Cape Breton, and with them came a declaration from the crown, in answer to internal disputes, uniting the island with Nova Scotia. The laws of Nova Scotia were extended over the province. An attempt was made to reverse the decision of the crown; but it proved unavailing, and the island has ever since remained, politically, a part of Nova Scotia.

5. The death of the Right Reverend Edmund Burke, first Roman Catholic Bishop of Nova Scotia, in 1820, was lamented by all classes. He was one of the most enlightened and liberalminded prelates of America. A very extensive and destructive bush fire occurred in September, 1820, which rendered about sixty families homeless and destitute. Sir James Kempt at once sent a government vessel laden with provisions to their relief, and subscriptions for their benefit were also taken up throughout the province. The administration of Sir James Kempt, which lasted eight years, was a mild and prosperous one, unmarked by any political agitation or any very noteworthy incidents. The great fire at Miramichi, in 1825, elicited deep and wide-spread sympathy throughout the province, and handsome subscriptions for the sufferers were taken up in the different districts. Sir James Kempt assiduously devoted himself to the consideration of the roads in the province, which were in a wretched condition, and made a tour through several districts for the purpose of personal inspection, the result of which was that at the session of Parliament in 1828 he recommended many great and important changes in the manner of conducting the department, which suggestions were adopted by the house, to the subsequent great advantage of the province. Sir James Kempt left the province in August, 1828, and Hon. Mr. Wallace acted as administrator until the arrival of Sir Peregrine Maitland, who had been transferred from Upper Canada. At the session of Parliament in 1824 a considerable commotion was created over the suspension of Mr. Barry, member for Shelburne. The affair has been thus recorded: "In presenting a petition from some militia-men asking to be relieved from duty, he made use of some expressions for which he was censured by