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"Your fathers, where are they? and the prophets, do they live forever?"

A Noun without a verb is sometimes found in Exclamatory sentences: "But, oh their end, their dreadful end!" "A steed! a steed of matchless speed,

A sword of metal keene!

All else to noble hearts is drosse,

All else on earth is meane."-MOTHERWELL.

Note 4. Nouns used as Titles of books, and Names of Places and of Persons, are very often in the nominative with out a verb; as, "Chambers's Cyclopædia;" "The Astor House." These expressions are elliptical.

Note 5. In Poetry, a Noun in the nominative without a verb may sometimes be found, chiefly in those cases where the omitted verb would express an Address or Answer; as, "To whom the monarch;" that is, said or replied.

Note 6. A Noun in the nominative case without a verb is very frequently found in the Answer to a Question; as, "Who invented the Electro-magnetic Telegraph ?" Morse.

COLLOCATION.

§ 446. The Subject Nominative generally precedes, the Predicate Nominative generally follows the verb, as above. To this rule there are exceptions:

1. In Interrogative, Exclamatory, and Imperative sentences; as, "How many apples have (Sub.) you?" "What (Pred.) beautiful apples those are!" "Give (Sub.) thou those apples.'

2. When the subjunctive mode suppresses the conjunc tion if or though; as, "Were (Sub.) it true, I should rejoice."

3. When neither or nor is used for and not; as, "The eye that saw him shall see him no more, neither shall his (Sub.) place any more behold him." "This was his fear, nor was his (Sub.) apprehension groundless."

4. When a Neuter or a Passive verb is preceded by a preposition and its case, or by the adverbs here, hence, these, thence, now, then, hereafter, thus; as, "Here was the (Sub.) tomb," &c.

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5. After such verbs as, to say, to think; "Trim, said my (Sub.) uncle Toby."

6. When the sentence begins with an emphatic Adjective; as, "Wonderful are thy (Sub.) works."

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§ 447. RULE II.—A Noun used to limit another noun by denoting POSSESSION OF ORIGIN is put in the Possessive Case; as, "Washington's prudence saved his country." "Solomon's Temple was for generations the glory of Palestine."

In the last example, Temple denotes any temple; Solomon's limits it to the particular one which Solomon built. So in the first example, the noun prudence is limited by the noun. Washington.

Note 1. The limited Substantive is frequently omitted, that is, understood; as, "Let us go to St. Paul's," that is, church. "Nor think a lover's are but fancied woes ;" that is, a lover's woes. In these cases there is an ellipsis of the governing word. See figures of Syntax. In Latin, ad Di

ane ad ædem Dianæ.

Note 2. When the thing possessed is the common property of two or more possessors, the sign of the possessive is suffixed only to the last noun; as, "John, Thomas, and James's house;" that is, a house of which the joint ownership is vested in these three persons.

Note 3. But when the thing possessed is the individual and separate property of two or more possessors, the sign of the possessive is suffixed to each noun; as, "He has the Surgeon's and the physician's opinion."

Note 4. The possessive case may sometimes be resolved into the objective with the preposition of; as, "Napoleon's Army," may be changed into "The Army of Napoleon." This is an instance of Grammatical equivalents. Napoleon's army the army of Napoleon. But though the Saxon or English Genitive is often convertible into what has been called the Norman or the Analytic Genitive, yet in some cases it can not be. Thus, "the Lord's day" is the Christian Sabbath; "the day of the Lord" is the day of Judgment. When the general relation of simple possession is intended,

either may be used. But when the one substantive denotes merely the substance or matter, or some quality or thing characteristic of the other, the Norman form is used; as, “A crown of Gold;""a man of wisdom." These are not convertible into the English Genitive. Cloth of wool can not be converted into "wool's cloth;" nor "a cup of water” into water's cup; nor the "idea of an Angel" into "an Angel's idea."

Note 5. When the thing possessed is only one of a num ber belonging to the possessor, both the possessive case and of are used; as, "A friend of his brother's," implying that his brother has more friends than one; "the picture of my friend's," signifying that it is one of several belonging to him. For these we have the Grammatical equivalents: " one of his brother's friends;" "This is one of his friend's pictures." "This picture of my Friend" suggests a different meaning, namely, a likeness of my Friend

Note 6. A Noun depending upon a Participle used as a noun, is put in the possessive case; as, "Averse to a nation's involving itself in war."

Note 7. Sometimes two or three words in a state of Government may be dealt with as a single word in the possessive; as, "The King of Saxony's army." In this expression three things are evident: 1. That the army is spoken of as belonging, not to the country Saxony, but to the King of that coun try. 2. That the sign of the possessive naturally comes after the word King; as, "The King's army." 3. That, as the expression stands, the army appears to be spoken of as be longing to Saxony. Yet this is not the fact. The truth is, that the whole expression is dealt with as a single word. So we say, "Bartlett and Welford's book-store."

Note 8. The possessive case, like the adjective, belongs to the attributive combination, and is often a grammatical equiv alent to the adjective. The King's cause the Royal cause. Cæsar's party the Cæsarean party.

Note 9. Some ambiguity may attend expressions like the "love of God." It may mean, objectively, "our love to him;" or, subjectively, "His love to us." The injuries of the Helvetii the injuries done by them, subjectively, or the in

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juries done to them, objectively. "The reformation of Luther" denotes either the change on others, the object, or the change on himself, the subject. "The reformation by Luther, or in Luther," removes the ambiguity.

Note 10. The frequent recurrence either of the Analytic possessive or of the Inflective possessive should be avoided. See Exercises.

Note 11. The s after the Apostrophe is omitted when the first noun has the sound of s in each of the last two syllables, and the second noun begins with s; as, for righteousness' sake; for conscience' sake. When the second noun does not begin with s, the practice is various; as, "But we are Moses' disciples," John, ix., 28. "Again, such is his (Falstaff's) deliberate exaggeration of his own vices, that it does not seem quite certain whether the account of his hostess's bill found in his pocket, with such an out-of-the-way charge for capons and sack, with only a halfpenny worth of bread, was not put there by himself as a trick to humor the jest upon his favorite propensities, and as a conscious caricature upon himself."-Hazlitt's Lectures.

When the first noun ends in s, the is annexed to the apostrophe in prose, but frequently omitted in poetry; as, "James's book;" "Miss's shoes;" "Achilles' wrath to Greece the direful spring." See § 170, 171.

COLLOCATION.

§ 448. In the present English, the Genitive or Possessive case always precedes the Noun which it limits; as, The man's hat hominis pileus; never the hat man's pileus hominis.

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§ 449. A substantive in the possessive case, or under the government of the preposition "of," is said, when it is in the genitive relation, to be joined to a substantive attributively. The different kinds of attributive genitive relations are,

1. The relation of the active subject or agent to an action or effect: "The course of the sun." "Solomon's temple" the temple built by Solomon; "The march of an army." 2. The relation of possessor to the thing possessed: "The king's crown;" "the boy's hat;" "the garden of the poet."

3. The mutual relation of one person to another: "The boy's Father;" "a man's Friend."

4. The relation of a whole to its parts: "The top of a tree;" "the wheels of a carriage." This relation is also called that of the partitive genitive.

5. The relation of a quality to a person or thing: "A ring of gold," "a man of honor." The genitive formed by inflection, or the Saxon Genitive, is generally used to express the relation of the possessor, and sometimes to express the relation of the agent to an action and the mutual relation of persons. The analytic genitive, or the Norman Genitive, as it is sometimes called, is almost always used to express the relation of quality.

THE OBJECTIVE OR ACCUSATIVE CASE.

§ 450. RULE III-A Noun depending on a Transitive verb is in the OBJECTIVE CASE; as, "God rules the world which he created." The objective case is complementary to a Transitive verb, and is necessary to complete the sense.

Note 1. A noun in the objective case follows an Intransitive verb when the two are kindred in Signification; as, "To live a life of virtue;" "to die the death of the righteous." On the same principle a transitive verb may take a second accusative; as, "He struck him a severe blow."

Note 2. Two nouns, the one denoting a Person and the other a Thing, each in the objective case, follow certain verbs, namely, verbs signifying to allow, ask, deny, envy, fine, give, offer, pay, cost, promise, send, teach, tell, and some others; as, "He taught them logic," "a ring cost the purchaser an eagle," "I gave him the book," he offered them his ad vice." Whom, them, and him are remains of the dative case in the Anglo-Saxon. In strictness, the word give, and few others, govern the Dative case with the Accusative, without the preposition. In the expressions "give it to him," "to whom shall I give it?" no prepositional aid is necessary.

Will it be said that the phrase "ask him his opinion" is elliptical for "ask of him his opinion?" This will hardly satisfy a Grammarian. According to the true idea of a transitive verb, him must be the object in the phrase under

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