plying this in English to the first subject, that to the second. The word attorney takes the place of this, and applies to the first name of the two, i. e., to Thurlow. "It was a proud day for the bar when Lord North made Thurlow (1) and (2) Wedderburn (1) Attorney and (2) Solicitor General."-Lord Campbell's Lives of the Chancellors. Note 2. The Personal pronoun them is sometimes improperly used for these and those; as, "Give me them books," for give me those books; read them lines, for read these lines This error can be historically accounted for by referring to the demonstrative power of them. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. = § 481. RULE XXI.-RELATIVE PRONOUNS are not only equivalent to the Nouns and Pronouns which they represent,' but they also serve to connect propositions: The man who rides is come=The man is come; who rides. Here we have two propositions: 1. The man comes; 2. he rides The man comes; the man rides. Here the Relative is the equivalent to a personal pronoun or to a substantive indifferently. In sentences like The man is come; he rides; The man is come; the man rides, the identity between the persons mentioned in the propositions is implied, not expressed. This the Relative expresses, and hence its use in language: it connects Propositions. § 482. RULE XXII.-Though a Relative must be in the same Gender and the same Number as the antecedent, it need not be in the same Case; as, "I trust John; who comes here." Here, though the number and the person are the same, the agents are different in the two propositions. As there are two verbs, there must be two actions: (1.) trust; (2.) come; the object of the one action becomes the agent of the other. As the relative is only the antecedent in another form, it may change its case according to the construction. Note 1. When the Relative and the Antecedent are in different cases, and the Relative is omitted, the antecedent is sometimes put in the case of the relative; as, " He whom I accuse has entered by ellipsis, he I accuse has entered; = changed, according to the present section, him I accuse has entered. "Him I accuse The City Gates by this has entered."-Coriolanus, v., 5. The reason of this is clear. The verb that determines the case of the Relative is brought into contact with the Antecedent. Here the case of the Antecedent is accommodated to the case of the Relative. The Greek phrase xpμa Bibig οἷς ἔχω is an instance of the converse. Note 2. Rule for doubtful constructions: a. Reduce the sentence to the several Propositions which it contains. b. Re place the Relative by its equivalent Personal Pronoun or by its equivalent Substantive. c. The case of the Pronoun or Substantive is the case of the Relative. By applying this rule to such expressions as, "Satan, than whom None higher sat, thus spoke." a. Satan spoke; none higher than he sat. Satan, than who None higher sat. The current view that than performs the office of a preposi tion, and governs whom in the objective, can, however, be admitted as correct. Perhaps the better opinion is, that custom has converted whom into a nominative. May not the construction be a remnant of the Dative form in the Anglo-Saxon, which was governed by the comparative degree? § 483. RULE XXIII.-When there are Two words in a clause, each capable of being an Antecedent, the Relative refers to the latter: 1. Solomon, the son of David, who slew Goliath. This is unexceptionable. 2. Solomon, the son of David, who built the Temple. This is exceptionable. The Relative should be placed as near as possible to the Antecedent, to prevent ambiguity. § 484. RULE XXIV. When two antecedents of Different persons, one of which is the subject and the other the predi cate, precede the Relative, the relative must agree with the one or the other, according to the meaning which the writer = = = wishes to communicate: "I am the man who command": $485. RULE XXV.-WHO and WHOм represent nouns of the Masculine and of the Feminine Gender; WHOSE, nouns of the Masculine, of the Feminine, and of the Neuter Gender; WHICH, nouns of the Neuter Gender; THAT, nouns of the Masculine, of the Feminine, and of the Neuter Gender; as, "The man who came;" "the woman who came;" "the man whose name is John;" "the woman whose name is Jane" the fruit whose name is banana ;" "the rivers which flow into the sea;" "the man that came;" "the woman that came;" "the storm that came." WHICH, not who, is used for Infants, the sex being disregarded; as, "The child which I saw is learning to walk." WHO is sometimes used Indefinitely, without an antecedent; as, "I do not care who did it." § 486. RULE XXVI.-In compound sentences, WHO, WHICH, or THAT, employed to introduce a new clause, is Nominative to the verb or verbs belonging to that clause; as, "The thirst after curiosities which often draws contempt;" "He who suffers not his faculties to lie torpid has a chance of doing good;" "The steamer that left this port on Saturday has been seen." § 487. RULE XXVII.—But if, in the new clause, there is a Nominative between the Relative and the verb, then the relative is governed in the possessive case by a noun, or in the objective case by a verb or a preposition; as, "God is the sovereign of the universe, whose majesty ought to fill us with awe; to whom we owe all possible reverence, and whom we are bound to obey." § 488. The Antecedent is sometimes placed after the Relative; as, "Whom the cap fits, let him put it on." Note 1. The Antecedent is sometimes suppressed when no К к Emphasis is implied; as, "Who steals my purse steals trash." Note 2. The Relatives are often suppressed; as, "The friend I visited yesterday." Here whom is understood. Note 3. The Relative which sometimes refers to a whol clause or to an adjective instead of a noun; as, "He wis generally despised, which occasioned much uneasiness;" "As Judas declared him innocent, which he could not be, had he in any way deceived his disciples."-Porteus's Lect. Here which represents the adjective innocent. Note 4. The Relative which is sometimes used as an Ad jective; as, "His early friend, which friend was his ruin." Note 5. When the Name of a person is used merely as a name, and does not refer to the person, the relative which ought to be used, and not who; as, "It is no wonder if such a man did not shine at the court of Queen Elizabeth, which was but another name for prudence and economy." Note 6. In some instances, which is introduced as the nom inative to a verb, before the sentence or clause which it represents; as, "There was therefore, which is all that we assert, a course of life pursued by them, different from that which they before led."-Paley's Evid., ch. 1. Here which is the representative of the whole of the last part of the sen tence, and its natural position is after that clause. Note 7. Which represents persons when a question is asked or discrimination intended; as, "Which of the men was it?" Formerly which was used as a representative of persons; as, "Mighty men which were of old.” § 489. The Relative That is generally used: 1. After superlatives; as, "The wisest man that ever lived is liable to error." 2. After the word same; as, "He is the same man that came yesterday." 3. After a collective noun denoting a body of persons; as, "The army that marched out to battle has been defeated." 4. After who taken interrogatively; as, "Who that has the spirit of a man would suffer himself to be thus degraded?" 5. After persons and things taken conjointly; as, "The men and things that we saw yesterday." my purse san 6. That may often be considered as restrictive, even when the antecedent is not preceded by the definite article, as it appresed ought to be when the other relatives are used. Thus, “All words that are signs of complex ideas furnish matter of mistake," is phraseology equivalent to "all the words which are signs of complex ideas furnish matter of mistake." is underst nes refers w § 490. There is an Elliptical form of expression in the use of superlatives and ordinal numbers, which may occasion some ambiguity. Thus we sometimes say, "He was the first that came," meaning "the first (of those) who came.” "He was the bravest that Thebes produced." Now it is evident that, rejecting the ellipsis, the former example may be supposed to denote, "He that came was the first;" and the second, "He that Thebes produced was the bravest." When this distinction is not clearly marked by a diversity of arrangement, a regular diversity of pronouns would prevent ambiguity. That should be invariably used when the expression is elliptical, and who and which when there is no ellipsis, or when the second subject of comparison is not involved in the relative clause. Thus, if we mean to say, "He was the first of those who came," it might be expressed, "He was the first that came." When no ellipsis is intended, "He was the first who came"="He who came was the first." That, used as a relative, does not admit a preposition before it; as, "He is the same man with that you were acquainted." But we may say, "He is the same man that you were acquainted with." § 491. RULE XXVIII.-When Relatives connected by a conjunction refer to the same antecedent, they should not change their form; as, "He that defeated Austrian armies in Italy, and who afterward marched to Vienna at the head of his veteran soldiers." Instead of change of form, the relative in each case should be either who or that. § 492. RULE XXIX.-The Relative WHAT has the sense of that which, and can be at the same time both in the Nominative and the Objective case; as, "I have heard what has been alleged." Here what is in the objective case, and governed by heard; and also in the nominative case to has been alleged. |