6. WHAT is sometimes used as an interjection; as, "What! can you lull the winged winds asleep?"

III. 1. THAT is a relative pronoun when it is converted into who or which.

2. THAT is a pronominal adjective when it defines or limits a substantive; as, "That flower is beautiful."

3. THAT is a demonstrative pronoun when it represents a noun and is not a relative. See § 307.

4. THAT is a conjunction when it serves merely to connect sentences; as, "I eat that I may live."

The word as is sometimes used as a relative pronoun; as, "The man as rides to market.”

COMPOUND RELATIVES.

§ 310. WHO, WHICH, and WHAT have sometimes the words ever and soever annexed to them; as, Whoever, whichever, whatever, whosoever, whichsoever, and whatsoever. These words are a kind of compound relative, and have the same construction as what; as, "Whoever will follow Christ must expect reproach;" "At once came forth whatever creeps."

WHOSO was anciently in use as the nominative of two verbs; "Whoso is out of hope to attain to another's virtue, will seek to come at even hand by depressing another's fortune."

as,

SUBJUNCTIVE AND PREPOSITIVE PRONOUNS.

§ 311. The Relative Pronouns WHO, WHICH, and THAT have been called subjunctive, because they can not introduce an independent sentence or proposition, but serve only to subjoin one to another which is previous.

The Personal Pronouns, on the other hand, have been called prepositive, because they are capable of leading or introducing a sentence, without having any reference, at least for the purposes of construction, to any thing previous. Of the nature of the subjunctive pronouns are the interrogative pronouns.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

§ 312. An INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN is a pronoun used in asking questions.

WHO, WHICH, and WHAT are called Interrogatives (Latin in

Who is there?

terrogare, to ask) when they are used in asking questions; as, Which is the book? Which is the book? What are you doing? Interrogative pronouns are those by which the demonstrative relation of a person or thing is asked.

1. WHO, used interrogatively, is applied to persons; WHICH and WHAT to both persons and things.

2. WHETHER, signifying which of the two, was anciently used as an interrogative; as, "Whether is greater, the gold or the temple?" In this sense it is now obsolete, being replaced by

WHICH.

3. A Relative refers to a subject that is antecedent; an Interrogative to one that is subsequent; as, "John, who did it;" "Who did it? John."

4. WHO inquires for the name; WHICH, for the individual; WHAT, for the character or occupation. Thus, Who wrote the Which of the Websters? Noah WebA lexicographer.

book?

ster.

Mr. Webster. What was he? 5. WHO is applied to persons indefinitely, but WHICH is applied to persons definitely. "Who will go up with me to RamothGilead ?" is indefinitely proposed to all who shall hear the question. "Which of you, with taking thought, can add to his stature one cubit?" is an interrogation addressed to an individual, as appears from the partitive form of the words "which of you" "what one of you all."

WHICH Anglo-Saxon lic, like; hwa, who; Maso-Gothic hvêleiks; Old High-German huëlih; Anglo-Saxon huilic, hvile; Old Frisian hwelik; Danish hvilk-en; Scotch whilk ; English which. In its origin it is a compound.

Throughout the Indo-European tribes the interrogative or relative idea is expressed by k, or by a modification of k; e. g., qu,

hv, or h; as, Sanscrit kas, who; kataras, which of two; katama, which of many; Lithuanic kas, who; koks, of what sort; Russian kto, who; kolik, how great; Bohemian kotory, which; Latin, quot, qualis, quantus; Ionic Greek kóσOG, KOÌOÇ, KÓTE ; Moso-Gothic huer; English who, what, why, which, where.

ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.

§ 314. An ADJECTIVE PRONOUN is a pronoun which partakes of the nature of an adjective.

Pronouns can not be conveniently classed without admitting many words which may also be considered as adjectives. "All words which, instead of naming or describing an object, enable us to distinguish it by some relations, are pronouns, or have a pronominal character."-BUTTMANN. It matters little whether the words under consideration are called adjective pronouns or pronominal adjectives. For all practical purposes, the terms may be considered as convertible.

EACH, Anglo-Saxon æle, Scotch ilka, the 7 being dropped, as in which and such. It is sometimes called a distributive, because it denotes all the individuals of a number taken separately; as, "The four beasts had each of them six wings." In this passage each is a substitute for the "four beasts.” "The prince had a body-guard of a thousand men, each of whom was six feet high." In these two examples each is used in its Pronominal character. "He exacted of each man fifty shekels." In this passage each is an adjective.

EVERY, Old English everich, everech, everilk one, is alc preceded by the word ever. It denotes all the individuals of a number greater than two, separately considered. "Each and every of the clauses and conditions." Here every is a Pronoun. "Every man's performances." Here every is an Adjective.

EITHER, Anglo-Saxon ægper, denotes one of two, but not both. "Either of the roads is good." Here either is a Pronoun. "I will take either road at your pleasure." Here either is an Adjective. Either has also sometimes the meaning of each; as, "Seven times the sun had either tropic viewed ;""Two thieves were crucified on either side."

NEITHER not either, is used as a Pronoun and as an Adjective; as "Neither office will fit the candidate, though neither of the offices is filled."

OTHER, Anglo-Saxon oder, is used as a Pronoun, and opposed to one; as, "All rational evidence is derived from one or other of these two sources." It is also used as an Adjective; as, "Other sheep I have which are not of this fold." When used without a substantive it takes a plural, Other, others. Other indicates separation, and means one more, or one of the same class or kind.

=

ANOTHER is the Anglo-Saxon an, one, and oder one other. "Let another praise thee, and not thine own mouth." Here another is a Pronoun. "Another soldier was killed." Here another is an Adjective. Another is used in the possessive case; as, Another's aid."

One,

ONE, a numeral Adjective, is also used as a Pronoun. when contrasted with other, sometimes represents plural nouns; as, "The reason why the one are ordinarily taken for real qualities, and the other for bare powers, seems to be."-LOCKE. "There are many whose waking thoughts are wholly employed on their sleeping ones."-ADDISON. It frequently is not easy to distinguish between the one here described, and the one described in 316. One often stands in company with every,

any, no, some.

ANY, Anglo-Saxon ænig, Old High-German einîc=any, and einac=single. In Anglo-Saxon ânega means single. In New High-German einig means, 1. A certain person; 2. Agreeing; einzig, meaning single. In Dutch enech has both meanings. This indicates the word án=one, as the root of the word in question. ANY has several meanings: 1. After negative words, and such words and phrases as have a negative force, “any” marks the exclusion of all. "He did it without any hesitation." "We can not make any difference between you." So after "scarcely," and comparatives, and in questions where the expected answer is nobody, none. "Scarcely any one." "He is taller than any of his schoolfellows." "Can any man believe this?" 2. It is sometimes equivalent to "any you please," "every body;" as, "any body can do that." 3. Again, it is sometimes indefinite, being equivalent to some one; as, "Shall we tell any body of our misfortunes?"

SUCH, Anglo-Saxon svile, Old Saxon sulic, German solch. "Objects of importance must be portrayed by objects of import

ance; such as have grace by things graceful."-Campbell's Rhetoric, i., 2. Such here supplies the place of a noun, though it retains its adjectival character, and the noun may be added.

AUGHT, Anglo-Saxon aht, auht, awuht. It means any thing. It is sometimes improperly spelled ought. It is etymologically related to whit. The word naught is aught preceded by the negative particle. "Doth Job serve God for naught?"=not any thing=nothing.

SOME, Anglo-Saxon sum. "Some to the shores do fly, some

to the woods." In cases like this it has a Pronominal character. "Some men and some women were present." Here some is adjectival. "Some with numerals is used to signify about. Some fifty years ago." Objections have been made to this phraseology; but it is a good old Saxon idiom. "Sum is often combined with the genitive plural of the cardinal numbers, and signifies about; as, "Sume ten gear, some ten years."-RASK, p.

61.

FORMER, LATTER; the one denotes priority, the other posteriority. Their nouns are frequently understood. Used substantively in the singular, they have a regular genitive; as, "The former's phlegm, the latter's vivacity."

BOTH, Anglo-Saxon butu, Danish baade. "Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them to Abimelech, and both of them made a covenant." Here both is the representativ of Abra ham and Abimelech. "He will not bear the loss of his rank, because he can bear the loss of his estate; but he will bear both, because he is prepared for both." Here, too, it is pronominal in its character. "To both the preceding kinds the term burlesque is applied."-CAMPBELL's Rhetoric, i., 2. Here it is adjectival.

OWN, Anglo-Saxon agen, from agan, to possess. In its Adjectival character, it is intensive, being added to words to render the sense emphatical; as, "This is my own book." In the following example it has a Pronominal character: "That they may dwell in a place of their own."-2 Sam., ch. vii. In this example a substantive can not follow own. So this: "This is

an invention of his own."

A similar examination could be applied to all the words which have been denominated adjective pronouns.

For a list of this