Q. How are Verbs derived from other Parts of Speech?

A. Many Subftantives, and fometimes Adjectives; and fmetimes the other Parts of Speech become Verbs, by prefixing the Sign to before them, or by adding the Termination en to the Adjective; as, from a Houje comes to houfe ; from warm, to warm; from hard, to harden.

Q. Do not Subftantives come fometimes from Verbs?

A. Yes; almoft every Verb has fome Subftantive coming from it; for by the Addition of er to the Ending of the Prefent Tenfe, comes a Subftantive fignifying the Agent or Doer, which is therefore called a Verbal Noun; as, from to hear comes a Hearer; from to carry, a Carrier.

Note, Some Subftantives are formed from Verbs, by the Addition of or to the Ending of the Prefent Tense; as from to govern, comes a Governor; from to follicit, a Sollicitor fram to vifit, a Vifitor; from to poffefs, a Poffeffor; from to fail, a Sailor; from to vend, or fell, a Vendor; also from to contribute, comes a Contributor; and from to furvive, a Survivor, dropping the e.

Q. Are not Adjectives fometimes formed from Subftantives? A. Yes; 1. By adding the Termination y, are formed Adjectives of Plenty or of Abounding; as, from Health comes healthy; from Wealth, wealthy.

2. By adding the Termination en, are formed Adjectives, that fignify the Matter out of which any 'Thing is made; as, from Ab comes Afhen; from Birch, birchen; from Oak, oaken, &c. as, An oaken Stick, A birchen Broom.

3. By adding the Termination ful, are formed Adjectives, denoting Fulness; as, from Joy, comes joyful; from Youth, youthful; from Sin, finful; alfo from to abah, bashful, &c.

4. By adding the Termination fome, are formed Adjectives, denoting much the fame; as, from Trouble comes Troublesome. from Game, Gamefome, &c. tho' fometimes the e is left out.

5. By adding the Termination lefs, are formed Adjectives, fignifying Want; as, from Worth comes worthless; from Help, helpless; from Tooth, toothless, &c.

Note, The fame Thing is alfo fignified by un, in or im, prefixed

to Adjectives; as, unpleafant, indecent, improper, &c. 6. By adding the Termination ly, are formed Adjectives, which denote Likeness; as, from Man comes manly; from God, godly; alfo from to fit comes fitly; from certain, certainly, &c.

7. By adding the Termination i, are formed Adjectives, denoting the fame Thing; as, from Wolf comes wolfifh; from

Chil

Child, childish; Sheep, sheepish. &c. Alfo from Book comes bookish; and from to tickle come ticklish

Note, 1. From Adjectives, by adding the fame Term›nà ion, are formed Adjetives d minive, as, from Gren comes greenish; Soft, foftifh: Hard na lath

2, There are aljo jom: National Name which end in ish; as, English, Spanish, Danish, &c. annic; as, Britannic, Geimannic, Italic.

Q. By what orber Means are Words derived from their Primitives?

A. By adding -p, -dom -rick, wick, -ness, head, -beo!. I. Words ending in -fhip, denote, Office, Employment, or Condition; as, Stewardship, Fellowship, Lordship, &c.

2. Words ending in -dom fignify Office or Charge with Power and Dominion, or without them; as, Popedom, Kingdom. Alfo

They fignify the State, Condition, Quality, Propriety, and Place in which a Perfon exercifes his Power; as, Freedom, Thraldom, Whoredom, Wijdom, Dukedum, &c. 3. Words ending in -rick and quick, denote Office and Dominion; as, Bishoprick. Bailyuick.

Note, -ment and -agc are purely French Terminations, and have the fame Meaning with us as with them, and Scarce ever occur but in Werds derived from that Language; as Commandment. Ufage.

4. Subftantives ending in -ness, fignify the Effence of the Thing; and are formed from Adjectives; as, from white comes Whiteness; from hard, Hardness, &c.

Note, Thefe are called Abitract Nouns.

5. Nouns that end in -head and -hood, denote the State, Condition, and Quality of a Thing, or Perfon; as, Godhead, Manhood, Wiowhood, Brotherhood, Livelihood, &c.

Note, There are also Subftantives (derived from Adjec tives and Veibs) which are made by adding the end ing th, with feme jmall change; as, fram long, cmes Length; itrong, Strength; warm, Warmth; Moon, Month. &c. Aljo from to die, comes Death ;.. from grow, Growth, &c.

Of Subftantives Diminutive.

Q. What is a Subftantive Diminutive ?

7. It is another Method of Derivation, by which a Nun ed. to leffen the Senfe of its Primitive Word; as, mb comes Lambkin, which is a little Lamb.

CHAP.

CHAP. XII.

Of the SYNTAX.

HAT is Syntax ?

A. It is the difpofing of Words in their right Cafe, Gender, Number, Perjon, Mood, Tenje and Place, in a Sentence.

2. Give an Exampie.

A. Good Boys are not beaten; here the Words are placed according to Syntax: Whereas fhould I fay, Beaten not are Boys good, it would be unintelligible; because here is no Syntax in this Sentence.

Q. How many kinds of Sentences are there?
A.. Two; Simple and Compound.

Q. What is a Simple Sentence?

A. It is that wherein there is but one Verb, and one Nominative Word of the Subject, either expressed or understood; as, The Boy reads.

Q. What is a Compound Sentence?

A. It is two Simple Sentences joined together by a Comjunction, or by a Relative; as, who, which, that; or by a Comparative Word; as, fo, as, fuch, so many, as many more than; as, I am diligent, and you are negligent. He is a naughty Roy, who deferves Correction.

Q. What do you mean by a Nominative Word?

A. The Word that goes before the Verb, and anfwers to the Queftion who or what; as, Boys play. Where it may be afked, Who do play? Anfwer; Boys.

Q. Does the Nominative Cafe or Word always go before the Verb?

A. Yes; except when a Queftion is afk'd, and then the Nominative Cafe follows the Verb, or more commonly the Sign of the Verb; as, Did John go to London? Do I neglect my Bufiness?

Q. What is the Conftruction of the Verb with the Nominative Word?

A. The Verb must be of the fame Number an Perfon with the Naminative Word; as, I stand; thou standeft; ke ftandeth: Not Iftandeft; thou ftandeth; he ftand.

Q. Is the Nominative Cafe to the Verb a w Subftantive ?

A. No: Sometimes the Infinitive Mood ftands for the Nominative Word; as, To lie is shameful: And fometimes a whole Claufe aforegoing; as, To rife betimes in the Morning, is the most wholjom Thing in the World.

Q. If two, or more Subftantives Singular come together, bow muft the Verb be put ?

A. In the Plural Number; as, Peter and John Fight. Q. What Number is the Verb put in, when it follows Noun of Multitude ?

A. It may be put in the Plural, when Circumftances abfolutely determin the Cafe to be more than one; but it is most commonly of the fingular Number; as, the Multitude is very noify. The Heap is removed.

Q. Of what Cafe muft thofe Nouns be, which follow Verbs, and are governed by them?

A. Sometimes the Genitive; as, Take Pity of me: Sometimes the Dative; as, I gave a Book to the Mafter: And fometimes the Accufative; as, I love my Mafter.

Q. What is the Conftruction of the Vocative ?

A. The Vocative is no Part of the Sentence, but only the Perfon to whom the Sentence is addrefs'd; and is always of the Second Perfon Singular or Plural; as, John! where have you been, that you have staid fo long? Ladies! Why do ye not mind your Writing?

Q. Of what is the Ablative Cafe govern'd?

A: The Ablative is always governed of fome Prepofition, expreffed or understood; fuch as, in, with, through, for, from, by, and than; as, He took it from me.

He went

with you.

CHAP. XIII.

Of TRANSPOSITION.

7HAT is Tranfpofition?

A. It is the placing of Words out of their

natural Order, to render the Sound of them more agreeable

the Ear.

EXAMPLE.

be avoided, but that Scandals will arife, and

grow in the Church of God, so long as nefs on Earth, or Malice in Hell.

TRANS

TRANSPOSED.

It cannot be avoided, fo long as there is Wickednels on Earth, or Malice in Hell, but that Scandals will arife, and Differences will grow in the Church of God.

Note, Where the natural order of the Words is smooth and grateful to the Ear, they ought not to be tranfpofed, unlefs in Poetry, and there only, when the Neceffity of the Verfe requires it.

CHAP. XIV.

Of the ELLIPSIS.

HAT is an Ellipfis?

A. The leaving out of Words in a Sentence. Q. Upon what Account may Words be left out?

A. 1. When a Word has been mentioned just before, and may be supposed to be kept in Mind. Therefore in a Relative Sentence, the Antecedent, or foregoing Word, is feldom repeated; as, I bought the Books, which [Books] I read.

2. When any Word is to be immediately mentioned, if it can be well understood, it ought to be left out in the former Part; as, Drink ye Red [Wine] or White Wine.

3. When the Thought is expreffed by fome other Means; as pointing to a Man, you need not fay, Who is that Man? but, Who is that?

4. Thofe Words, which, upon the mentioning of others, must needs be fuppofed to be meant, may be left out; as, When you come to St. Paul's [Church] then turn to the left [Hand].

5. Thing and A, are frequently left out when they may be understood; as, It is hard, [i. e. a hard Thing] to tra vel through the Snow. It is eafy, [i. e. an eafy Thing or A&t] to do jo.

6. The Conjunction that, is often left out in a Compound Sentence; as, I defire [that] you would write for me.

7. The Relatives, that, which, who, whom, may be left out; as, There goes the Man [that or whom] I beat Yefterday. Is this the Man ye fpoke of? i. e. of awhom ye fpoke?

8. Sometimes a whole Sentence is left out; as, It is our Duty to pay a Respect and Deference, as to all those that are Virtuous and Couragious; fo [it is our Duty to pay a Respect and Deference] to thofe also, who bear any Office or Command in the State.

CHAP.