The harbour itself is a small bay, at the mouth of which, on the west side, lies a floating lazaretto, where the infected goods were received and aired under the inspection of a proper officer. At the head of the bay is a quay, and a narrow channel has been cut further down to admit ships up to it. It has a considerable trade in coals and other articles. It lies eighteen miles north-west of Edinburgh.

INVERLOCHY CASTLE, an ancient castle near Fort William in Inverness-shire; adorned with large towers, which seem to have been the work of the English in the tire of Edward I., who laid large fines on the Scottish barons for the purpose of erecting castles. The largest of these is called Cumin's Tower. The castle now stands alone in ancient magnificence, after having seen the river Lochy, that formerly filled its ditches, run in another course, and having outlived all history, and all tradition of its own builder and age. It is a quadrangular building, with round towers at the angles, measuring thirty yards every way within the walls. The towers and ramparts are solidly built of stone and lime, nine feet thick at the bottom, and eight feet above. The towers are not entire, nor are they all equally high. The western is the highest and largest, and does not seem to have been less than fifty feet when entire: the rampart between them, from twenty-five to thirty.—Ten or twelve yards without the walls the ditch begins, which surrounded the castle, from thirty to forty feet broad. The whole building covers about 1600 yards; and within the outside of the ditch are 7000 square yards, nearly one acre and a half English. The whole building would require from 500 to 600 men to defend it.-From the name of the western tower, it is probable this castle was occupied by the Cummings in the time of Edward I., and there is a tradition that this castle was once a royal residence, and that the famous league between Charles the Great of France, and Achaius king of Scots, had been signed there on the part of the Scotch monarch.'

A. D. 790.

INVERNESS-SHIRE, an important county of Scotland, bounded on the north by Ross-shire, on the east by the shires of Nairue, Murray, and Aberdeen; on the south by those of Perth and Argyll; and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. Its extent from north to south is above fifty miles, from east to west about ninety-four. A small insulated district between Banff and Moray is also annexed to it; and some of the Hebrides are politically attached to the county; i. e. Harris, North and South Uist, Benbecula, Sky, Barra, Eigg, and the smaller islets on the coast. The vale of Glenmore-nahalabin extends through the centre of the county from east to west, having a chain of lakes, Loch Ness, Loch Oich, Loch Lochy, and an arm of the sea called Lochiel, through which is cutting the navigable canal, to unite the eastern and western oceans; on each side of this extensive vale the surface is wild, barren, and mountainous. Loch Ness, which is the largest of the lakes, is twenty-two miles in length, and from one to two in breadth. Its general depth is 116 or 120 fathoms; but in some parts is 135 fathoms.

The banks of the lakes, and the valleys, have many tracts of good arable land, and the county is every where intersected by numerous rapid currents, which unite and form rivers, the whole of them abounding with trout and salmon. On the borders are several extensive tracts of fir wood, the evident remains of large forests.

The principal rivers are the Ness, the Lochy, the Beauly, and the Spey; those of note are the Findhorn, the Nairne, and the Nevis, all of which are fed by numerous smaller streams. Of these may be mentioned the Foyers, noted for its tremendous cataract. Almost all the rivers have clear and rapid streams, and generally a rocky channel; and those discharging into the German Ocean have longer courses than those which run into the Atlantic. Pure springs of water are every where found. Mineral springs are rare; but sulphurous and chalybeate springs are found in various situations. The western shore is broken by numerous creeks and arms of the sea.

Among the mountains, Bennevis, near Fort William, is the most lofty elevation in Great Britain, being 4370 feet above the level of the sea; the summit is always covered with snow; a great part of it is composed of beautiful brown porphyry, among which is found green porphyry mixed with quartz: the red granite found in this mountain is the most beautiful of any known. There are several other mountains adjoining Bennevis, of nearly the same elevation.

Agriculture is conducted, on the eastern side of the county, with as much skill, spirit, and success, as in any tract northward of the Grampians. But in the interior, and on the western coast, it languishes under the obstructions of the soil and climate; for along the whole of the western it is much more rainy than on the eastern side of the island; it is seldom fair weather there, with a westerly wind; they do not therefore depend on saving their corn in the open air; drying-houses are contrived, where the sheaves hung single, each upon a peg, become fit in a few days, even of rain, to be built in a small stack, to make way on the pegs for the sheaves of another field. The crops, in a great degree uncertain, are inadequate to the support of the people: they are, almost without exception, restricted to oats, with the hairybearded husk, a light small kind of bear, and potatoe, which forms a great proportion of their vegetable diet. The principal employment of the farmer is the management of black cattle and sheep, and there are numerous herds of goats; and the mountains and forests are inhabited by immense herds of red deer and roes: Alpine, and the common hares, with a variety of other game, are likewise found in abundance.

The exports of this county may be enumerated under the articles of cattle, wool, corn, the skins of goats, deer, roes, foxes, hares, and rabbits; salmon, herring, some dry and salted fish, some fir timber, with the labors of the hempen and thread manufactures. The spinning of flax and wool is the occupation of the women over the whole county. A small p portion of the wool is manufactured into the home-spun stuffs.

Though the Erse is the language of the country, very good English is spoken in the town of Inverness, and its neighbourhood, and also in the vicinity of the forts. The inhabitants were indebted for the introduction of the English, and for several useful arts, to the soldiers under Oliver Cromwell, who were stationary here for a considerable time.

The military roads through this once impenetrable region, made by the soldiers under general Wade, never fail to excite the astonishment of travellers, being often carried over mountains, and extensive morasses. His object was to open a communication with the other parts of the country, so as to keep the Highlanders in subjection, by connecting the two forts, Fort William and Fort George; for which purpose, he built another in the centre, which he called Fort Augustus. A material benefit which has been derived from these forts, and the roads connected with them, has been the civilisation of the Highlanders.

In the district of Glenelg, are the ruins of some of those circular towers, similar to what is met with in the Western Isles; they are round and tapering like glass-houses; within, horizontal galleries go quite round, connected by stairs which ascend quite to the top, the roof being open. Antiquaries have not decided for what purpose these towers were built; by some they are thought to be Danish forts, by others Druidical temples. The vitrified fort on the summmit of Craig Phatric, near Inverness, is a very remarkable structure.

Near Fort William, in the bed of the river Nevis, is a singular vein of marble of a black ground, with a beautiful white flowering, like needle-work. Here are also veins of lead and iron, and one of silver has been wrought, but unsuccessfully. The want of coal, and indeed the scarcity of fuel of every description, is severely felt in this county.

Inverness-shire comprehends the districts of Badenoch, Lochaber, and Glenelg, which are subdivided into thirty-one parochial districts. The principal towns are Inverness, Fort William or Inverlochy, and Fort Augustus.

INVERNESS, a royal borough, and capital of the county of that name, finely seated on the south bank of the Ness, over which there is a stone bridge of seven arches. It is large, well built, and populous. Its first charter was granted by king Malcolm Canmore, and its last by James VI. From that period to the Revolution, in 1688, it had a great trade in skins, corn, and malt, &c., but it afterwards declined. After the Rebellion in 1745 this town, however, revived, and is still enlarging in every direction. It has a plentiful market, and more money and business than could be expected in such a remote part of of the island. The salmon fishery in the Ness is very considerable, and is let to London-fishmongers. The principal manufactures are those of hemp and flax. The first has been established about fifty years; and employs above 1000 persons in spinning, dressing, and weaving. The raw material is imported from the Baltic, and manufactured into sail-cloth and sacking. A white thread manufactory has been established

nearly forty years; and employs in its various branches of heckling, spinning, twisting, bleaching, and dyeing, no fewer than 10,000 individuals. The company have, in this and the neighbouring countries, several agents for the management of the spinning departments. The flax is also chiefly imported from the Baltic, and the greatest part of the thread sent to London. Tanneries, brickworks, chandleries, &c., are also carried on; and, in consequence of the excellent military roads, there is a great proportion of inland trade. The harbour is safe and commodious, and is kep、 in good repair. Vessels of 200 tons can unload at the quay, and those of 500 tons ride in safety in the Frith, within a mile of the town. The ships of the town are chiefly employed in carrying salmon and the manufactures of the country to London, and in bringing back various articles of haberdashery, and hardware. Inverness has several good schools, and an academy was erected in 1787, on an extensive scale, wherein all the usual branches of education are taught. There are two parish churches; in the one sermons are delivered in English, and in the other in Gaelic, and, in the chapel of ease, in English and Gaelic alternately. There are also Episcopalian and Methodist chapels. Nearly in the centre of the town stands the court-house, connected with the tolbooth, a handsome modern building, with a fine tower, terminated by an elegant spire, which received considerable injury from the earthquake of 1816. The town is governed by a provost, four bailies, dean of guild, treasurer, and fifteen counsellors; and has six incorporations, two of whose deacons, with their convener, are members of council. It has five fairs, and lies fifty miles north-east of Fort-William, and 106 north of Edinburgh.

INVERNESS, NEW, a town of Georgia, on the Alatamaha, erected in 1735 by a company of emigrants from the Highlands of Scotland. In 1738 they presented a most pathetic remonstrance to general Oglethorp against the introduction of slaves. It lies twenty miles from Frederica.

INVERSE', adj. Fr. inverse; Lat. inINVER'SION, n. s. verto. Inverted; reciINVERT', v. a. procal: opposed to diINVERTEDLY, adv. rect. It is so called in proportion, when the fourth term is so much greater than the third, as the second is less than the first; or so much less than the third as the second is greater than the first: inversion, change of order or time, so as that the last is first and the first last; change of place: invert, to turn upside down; to divert into another channel: invertedly, in contrary or reversed order.

Solyman charged him bitterly with inverting his treasures to his own private use, and having secret intelligence with his enemies.

Knolles's History of the Turks. If he speaks truth, it is upon a subtile inversion of the precept of God, to do good that evil may come Browne.

of it.

With fate inverted, shall I humbly woo, And some proud prince, in wild Nuraidia born, Pray to accept me, and forget my scorn? Walle.

And who but wishes to invert the laws Of order, sins against the Eternal Cause. Oh Winter! ruler of the inverted year, Thy scattered hair with sleet-like ashes filled. Couper.

INVERSE PROPORTION. See ARITHMETIC. INVERSE METHOD OF FLUXIONS is the method of finding fluents, from the fluxions being given; and is similar to the calculus integralis. See FLUXIONS.

INVERSE METHOD OF TANGENTS is the method of finding the curve belonging to a given tangent; as opposed to the direct method, or the finding the tangent to a given curve. As, to find a curve whose subtangent is a third proportioned to r-y and y, or whose subtangent is equal to the semiordinate, or whose subnormal is a constant quantity. The solution of this problem depends chiefly on the inverse method of fluxions.

INVERSION means also the act whereby any thing is turned backwards. Problems in geometry and arithmetic are often proved by inversion; that is, by contrary rule or operation.

INVERSION, invertendo, or by Inversion, according to Euclid's fourteenth definition, lib. v., is inverting the terms of a proportion, by changing the antecedents into consequents, and the consequents into antecedents. As in these a: b::c:d, then by inversion b: a :: d: c.

INVERSION, in grammar, is where the words of a phrase are ranged in a manner not so natural as they might be; e. g. Of all vices, the most abominable, and that which least becomes a man, is impurity.' Here is an inversion; the natural order being this; Impurity is the most abominable of all vices, and that which least becomes a man. Inversions are very much used in Latin poetry.

INVERSION, in rhetoric, is a method of confutation, by which the orator shows that the reasons adduced by the opposite party are favorable to his cause. So when Cæcilius urged that the province of accusing Verres ought to be granted to him in preference to Cicero, because he had been his treasurer in Sicily, at the time when the crimes were committed, and consequently was best acquainted with the whole affair, Cicero turns the argument against him, and shows, that, for that very reason, he was the most unfit of any man to be intrusted with his prosecution; since, having been concerned with him in his crimes, he would certainly do all in his power to conceal or lessen them.

İnverted, in music, signifies a change in the

order of the notes which form a chord, or in the parts which compose harmony: which happens by substituting in the bass those sounds which ought to have been in the upper part: an operation not only rendered practicable, but greatly facilitated, by the resemblance which one note

has to another in different octaves; whence we derive the power of exchanging one octave for another with so much propriety and success, or by substituting in the extremes those which ought to have occupied the middle station: and vice versà. In every chord there must be a fundamental and natural order, which is the same with that of its generation; but the circumstances of succession, taste, expression, the beauty of melody, and variety, the approximation of harmony, frequently oblige the composer to change that order by inverting the chords, and consequently the disposition of the parts. See CHORD. Every time, therefore, when the fundamental bass is heard in the lowest parts, or if the fundamental bass be retrenched, every time when the natural order is preserved in the chords, the harmony is direct. As soon as that order is changed, or as soon as the fundamental sounds, without being in the lower parts, are heard in some of the others, the harmony is inverted. The perfect knowledge of inversion depends on art and study alone. See MUSIC.

INVERURY, an ancient royal borough of Aberdeenshire, seated at the conflux of the Don and the Ury, in the district of the Garioch, fourteen miles north-west of Aberdeen. It was made a royal burgh by king Robert I. upon his obtaining a signal victory near it, over Comyn earl of Buchan, Edward I's. general. Its charters being lost during the civil wars, Mary queen of Scots granted a new one. It is governed by a provost, three bailies, dean of guild, treasurer, and three counsellors. By the exertions of the earl of Kintore and Dr. Thom, the provost, an elegant bridge was built over the Don in 1790, at the south end of the town, at an expense of £2000. It lies fifty-one miles N. Ñ. E. of Dundee. INVEST', v. a. INVESTIENT, adj. INVESTITURE, N. S. clothe; to array: it has INVESTMENT, n. s. in or with before the thing superinduced or conferred. To place in possession of rank or office; to adorn or grace; to confer; to enclose; to surround so as to intercept succours investiture, the right of giving possession of any manor or benefice; the act of giving possession: investment, dress; clothes; habit.

Fr. investir; Lat. investio. To dress; to

Though the Erse is the language of the country, very good English is spoken in the town of Inverness, and its neighbourhood, and also in the vicinity of the forts. The inhabitants were indebted for the introduction of the English, and for several useful arts, to the soldiers under Oliver Cromwell, who were stationary here for a considerable time.

The military roads through this once impenetrable region, made by the soldiers under general Wade, never fail to excite the astonishment of travellers, being often carried over mountains, and extensive morasses. His object was to open a communication with the other parts of the country, so as to keep the Highlanders in subjection, by connecting the two forts, Fort William and Fort George; for which purpose, he built another in the centre, which he called Fort Augustus. A material benefit which has been derived from these forts, and the roads connected with them, has been the civilisation of the Highlanders.

In the district of Glenelg, are the ruins of some of those circular towers, similar to what is met with in the Western Isles; they are round and tapering like glass-houses; within, horizontal galleries go quite round, connected by stairs which ascend quite to the top, the roof being open. Antiquaries have not decided for what purpose these towers were built; by some they are thought to be Danish forts, by others Druidical temples. The vitrified fort on the summmit of Craig Phatric, near Inverness, is a very remarkable structure.

Near Fort William, in the bed of the river Nevis, is a singular vein of marble of a black ground, with a beautiful white flowering, like needle-work. Here are also veins of lead and iron, and one of silver has been wrought, but unsuccessfully. The want of coal, and indeed the scarcity of fuel of every description, is severely felt in this county.

Inverness-shire comprehends the districts of Badenoch, Lochaber, and Glenelg, which are subdivided into thirty-one parochial districts. The principal towns are Inverness, Fort William or Inverlochy, and Fort Augustus.

INVERNESS, a royal borough, and capital of the county of that name, finely seated on the south bank of the Ness, over which there is a stone bridge of seven arches. It is large, well built, and populous. Its first charter was granted by king Malcolm Canmore, and its last by James VI. From that period to the Revolution, in 1688, it had a great trade in skins, corn, and malt, &c., but it afterwards declined. After the Rebellion in 1745 this town, however, revived, and is still enlarging in every direction. It has a plentiful market, and more money and business than could be expected in such a remote part of of the island. The salmon fishery in the Ness is very considerable, and is let to London-fishmongers. The principal manufactures are those of hemp and flax. The first has been established about fifty years; and employs above 1000 persons in spinning, dressing, and weaving. The raw material is imported from the Baltic, and manufactured into sail-cloth and sacking. A white thread manufactory has been established

nearly forty years; and employs in its various branches of heckling, spinning, twisting, bleaching, and dyeing, no fewer than 10,000 individuals. The company have, in this and the neighbouring countries, several agents for the management of the spinning departments. The flax is also chiefly imported from the Baltic, and the greatest part of the thread sent to London. Tanneries, brickworks, chandleries, &c., are also carried on; and, in consequence of the excellent military roads, there is a great proportion of inland trade. The harbour is safe and commodious, and is kep、 in good repair. Vessels of 200 tons can unload at the quay, and those of 500 tons ride in safety in the Frith, within a mile of the town. The ships of the town are chiefly employed in carrying salmon and the manufactures of the country to London, and in bringing back various articles of haberdashery, and hardware. Inverness has several good schools, and an academy was erected in 1787, on an extensive scale, wherein all the usual branches of education are taught. There are two parish churches; in the one sermons are delivered in English, and in the other in Gaelic, and, in the chapel of ease, in English and Gaelic alternately. There are also Episcopalian and Methodist chapels. Nearly in the centre of the town stands the court-house, connected with the tolbooth, a handsome modern building, with a fine tower, terminated by an elegant spire, which received considerable injury from the earthquake of 1816. The town is governed by a provost, four bailies, dean of guild, treasurer, and fifteen counsellors; and has six incorporations, two of whose deacons, with their convener, are members of council. It has five fairs, and lies fifty miles north-east of Fort-William, and 106 north of Edinburgh.

INVERNESS, NEW, a town of Georgia, on the Alatamaha, erected in 1735 by a company of emigrants from the Highlands of Scotland. In 1738 they presented a most pathetic remonstrance to general Oglethorp against the introduction of slaves. It lies twenty miles from Frederica.

Fr. inverse; Lat. inverto. Inverted; reci

(procal: opposed to di

INVERSE', adj. INVER'SION, n. s. INVERT', v. a. INVERTEDLY, adv. rect. It is so called in proportion, when the fourth term is so much the first; or so much less than the third as the greater than the third, as the second is less than second is greater than the first: inversion, change of order or time, so as that the last is first and the first last; change of place: invert, to turn upside down; to divert into another channel: invertedly, in contrary or reversed order.

Solyman charged him bitterly with inverting his treasures to his own private use, and having secret intelligence with his enemies.

Knolles's History of the Turks. If he speaks truth, it is upon a subtile inversion of the precept of God, to do good that evil may come of it.

Browne,

With fate inverted, shall I humbly woo, And some proud prince, in wild Nuraidia born, Pray to accept me, and forget my scorn? Walle.