cause of religion among the clergy and the people. Six times he made the visitation of his entire see; and during his episcopate thirty-six new churches were erected, while many of the old ones were repaired. His pastorals were always timely, and replete with wisdom and piety; and his whole administration was marked by a devotedness of purpose, and a zeal for the greater glory of God and the salvation of the souls intrusted to his supervising care. When the Piedmontese robbers invaded Perugia, and seized upon his seminary, he promptly lodged the seminarians in his own house, thus enabling them to continue their studies without interruption. He wrote two memorable letters to King Victor Emmanuel, protesting, in the first, against the law of civil marriage being foisted upon Umbria; and raising his voice, in the second, against the expulsion of the Camaldolese friars of Monte Corona from their possessions, and also against the ejectment of other religious bodies. When two of his priests exhibited an unworthy spirit towards the Pope, in regard to a petition to have him abandon all claims to his temporal possessions, he promptly rebuked them, and deprived them of the exercise of their priestly faculties, in the hope that such salutary discipline would bring them to their senses. It failed to do so, however; and the reprimanded priests, instead of submitting, showed the archbishop's letter to the

government officials, who tried without success, however to institute proceedings against him.

The life which Archbishop Pecci led at Perugia was a very simple one; and even to-day, when he presides over the entire Church, his ways are almost the same. He was always an early riser, and a most indefatigable worker. Though slight of build, he performs more actual labor than stronger men are capable of doing, and he seems impervious to fatigue. Daybreak invariably found him out of bed, engaged in preparation for the holy sacrifice of the Mass. When he had celebrated this, he at once set to work in his study, busying himself with history and literature, for which branches, after the studies of his sacred calling, he always had an especial predilection. He was passionately fond of Dante, from whose works he can recite long passages learned by memory; and, as all the world now knows, he was given to the composition of poetry himself, some of his verses having won him high praise; while a collection of them, which has been done into various languages from the original Latin and Italian, has quite recently been published.

His meals were models of abstemiousness. Like all Italians, the archbishop at Perugia took but one meal a day, and that of the simplest sort. He continues the same practice in the Vatican, and at all seasons of the year he retired at ten o'clock. In per

sonal appearance the archbishop is spoken of by those who remember him at Perugia as of majestic mien. His stature is tall, his countenance mobile and amiable; while his eyes, though kindly in their glances, have a way of looking at you in a penetrating manner, as if their owner were capable of reading your innermost thoughts. He is a capital conversationalist, and speaks both the German and French tongues fluently. He was one of the most striking figures at the Vatican Council of 1870, where he impressed all who came in contact with him with his great learning, eminent piety, and affable demeanor. He presided over the see of Perugia for thirty-two years, and during that long term he showed himself ever and always the model prelate and the affectionate father. He knew when to be austere, and when to be benevolent; when to be firm, and when to yield; and he gave evidence even then of those remarkable qualities which have won for him such great renown since he became the Sovereign Pontiff of the Universal Church.

One of the most remarkable traits of the future Pope's life has always been his remarkable zeal in the cause of education and true science. Even at the present day, when he is burdened with the cares of the whole Church, he finds time to encourage all those who cultivate the arts, and devote themselves to the higher sciences; and, as far back as the time when he was Archbishop of Perugia, we find him

doing the same things. In one of his pastorals there he paid a magnificent tribute to the marvellous efforts of science in enlightening mankind, and making it approach nearer the Infinite Wisdom, from which we have only room to make this brief

extract:

"See and judge for yourselves. What is there that the Church can desire more ardently than the glory of God, and the more intimate acquaintance with the Divine Workman which is acquired by the study of His works? If the universe is indeed a book, on every page of which are inscribed the name and the wisdom of God, it is certain that he will be most filled with love for God, will come the nearest to God, who will have studied this book most deeply and most attentively. . . . What reason can there be that the Church should be jealous of the marvellous progress our age has made by its studies and discoveries? Is there in them any thing which, looked at from near or from far, can do harm to the ideas of God and of faith, whereof the Church is the guardian and infallible mistress? Bacon, so distinguished in the walks of physical science, has written that a little knowledge leads away from God, but much knowledge leads back to God.' This golden saying is always true: and, if the Church is afraid of the ruin that might be wrought by the vain ones, who think they understand every thing because they have a slight smattering of every thing, she has full confidence in those who apply seriously and profoundly to the study of nature; for she knows that at the bottom of their researches they will find God, who, in all His works, displays Himself with the infinite attributes of His power, His wisdom, and His goodness. How splendid and majestic does man seem when he reaches after the thunderbolt, and lets it fall harmless at his feet; when he summons the electric spark, and sends it, the messenger

of his will, through the abysses of ocean, over the precipitous mountains, across the interminable plains! How glorious, when he bids steam fasten pinions to his shoulders, and bear him with the rapidity of lightning over land and sea! How powerful, when, by his ingenuity, he seizes upon this force, imprisons it, and conveys it by ways marvellously combined and adapted to give motion-we might almost say intelligence—to brute matter, which thus takes the place of man, and spares him his most exhausting toil! Tell me if there is not in man the semblance of a spark of the Creator, when he invokes light and bids it scatter the shades of darkness ! But the Syllabus? Has not the Syllabus condemned science and civilization? No: it has not condemned true civilization, that whereby man perfects himself, - but it does condemn 'the civilization which would supplant Christianity, and destroy with it all wherewith Christianity has enriched us.'"