a means of working it at a distance, or two valves without such gear, one of these valves being always accessible. In either case, the accessibility of the valves or of the means of working shall be assured by their being situated above the deck referred to in paragraph (1) (a) of this Article.

(9) In no case shall gangway, cargo, and coaling ports be fitted below the load water-line. None of these ports shall be fitted, even towards the end of the ship, in a space below the lowest 'tween-deck space in the amidship region of which it is permissible to fit such ports.

(10) Gangway, cargo, and coaling ports in the ship's side below the margin line shall be effectively closed and made secure before the ship leaves port, and kept closed during navigation.

(11) The inboard openings of ash-shoots, rubbish-shoots, etc., shall not be lower than the deck referred to in paragraph (1) (a) of this Article. They may be permitted above this deck if fitted, to the satisfaction of the Administration, with covers, which shall be watertight if below the margin line. Such covers shall be so arranged as to prevent their being clogged in any way, and shall be at least as easily and effectively closed as watertight doors and

side scuttles.

ARTICLE XVII.

Construction and Tests of Watertight Doors, Side Scuttles, etc.

(1) The design and the materials used in the construction of watertight doors, side scuttles, gangway, coaling, and cargo ports, valves, pipes, ash and rubbish-shoots shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration.

(2) Watertight doors shall be tested by a water pressure equal to that prescribed for the bulkhead where the doors are located. The test shall be made before the vessel is put in service, and either before or after the door is fitted.

ARTICLE XVIII.

Construction and Initial Tests of Watertight Decks, Trunks, etc.

(1) Watertight decks, trunks and ventilators shall be on the same strength as the watertight bulkhead at the place where they occur. The means used for making them watertight and the arrangements adopted for closing the openings in them shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration. If watertight covers are used for closing these openings, they shall be fitted in place before the ship leaves port, and kept closed during navigation.

(2) After completion a hose or flooding test shall be applied to watertight decks and a hose test to watertight trunks. Watertight ventilators and trunks shall be carried at least up to the margin line.

(3) No change shall be made in the structure of watertight decks, trunks and ventilators after the survey without the permission of the Administration.

ARTICLE XIX.

Periodical Operations and Inspections of Watertight Doors, etc.

In all ships denned in Article 2 of the Convention, drills for the operating of watertight doors, side scuttles, valves, and closing mechanisms of scuppers, ash-shoots and rubbish-shoots, shall take place periodically during the voyage. A complete drill shall take place before leaving port, a second as soon as practicable after leaving port, and others thereafter at least once a week during the voyage. Provided that all watertight power doors and hinged doors in main transverse bulkheads in use at sea shall be operated daily. The watertight doors and all mechanisms and indicators connected therewith, and all valves the closing of which is necessary to make a compartment watertight, shall be periodically inspected at sea, at least once a week.

ARTICLE XX.

Entries in the Official Log Book.

In all ships defined in Article 2 of the Convention, hinged doors, portable plates, side scuttles, gangway, cargo and coaling ports, and other openings, which are required by the preceding rules to be kept closed during navigation, shall be closed before the ship leaves port. The time of closing, and the time of opening (if permissible under these Regulations), shall be recorded in the official log book.

A record of all drills and inspections required by Article XIX. shall be entered in the official log book with an explicit record of any defects.

ARTICLE XXI.

Double Bottoms.

(1) In ships 61 metres (equivalent to 200 feet) and under 76 metres (equivalent to 249 feet) in length, a double bottom shall be fitted at least from the machinery space to the forepeak bulkhead, or as near thereto as practicable. (2) In ships 76 metres (equivalent to 249 feet) and under 91.5 metres (equivalent to 300 feet) in length, a double bottom shall be fitted at least outside of the machinery space and shall extend to the fore and after peak bulkheads respectively, or as near thereto as practicable.

(3) In ships 91.5 metres (equivalent to 300 feet) and over in length, a double bottom shall be fitted amidships and shall extend to the fore and after peak bulkheads respectively, or as near thereto as practicable.

(4) In ships over 91.5 metres (equivalent to 300 feet) in length, the inner bottom shall be continued out to the ship's side in such manner as to protect the bilges.

(5) In ships over 213 metres (equivalent to 699 feet) in length, the double bottom, for at least half the ship's length amidships and forward to the forepeak bulkhead, shall extend up the ship's sides to a height above the top of the keel not less than 10 per cent of the ship's moulded breadth.

(6) Wells constructed in the double bottom in connection with the drainage arrangements shall not extend downwards from the inner bottom more than half the depth of the double bottom at that point. A well extending to the outer skin is, however, permitted at the after end of the shaft tunnels of screw ships.

ARTICLE XXII.
Going Astern.

Ships shall have sufficient power for going astern to secure proper control of the ship in all circumstances.

ARTICLE XXIII.

Auxiliary Steering Apparatus.

Ships shall be provided with an auxiliary steering apparatus, which, however, may be of less power than the main apparatus, and need not be worked by steam or other mechanical power.

ARTICLE XXIV.

Initial and Subsequent Surveys of Ships.

Every ship defined in Article 2 of the Convention shall be subjected at least to the following surveys, as specified in detail in Article XXV below:(A) A survey before the ship is put in service;

(B) Periodical surveys, once cach year;
(C) Additional surveys, as occasion arises.

ARTICLE XXV.

The surveys referred to in the previous Article shall be carried out as follows:

(A) The Survey before the ship is put in service shall include a complete inspection of the hull, machinery, and equipments, including the outside of the ship's bottom and the inside and outside of the boilers.

This survey shall be such as to ensure that the arrangements, material, and scantlings of the hull, boilers, and their appurtenances, main and auxiliary machinery, life-saving appliances, and other equipments, fully comply with the requirements of this Convention and of the detailed regulations promulgated by the Government of the contracting State to which the ship belongs for ships of the service for which it is intended. The survey shall also be such as to ensure that the workmanship of all parts of the ship and its equipments is in all respects satisfactory.

(B) The periodical survey shall include an inspection of the whole of the hull, boilers, machinery, and equipments, including the outside of the ship's bottom. The survey shall be such as to ensure that the ship, as regards the hull, boilers, and their appurtenances, main and auxiliary machinery, life-saving appliances, and other equipments is in satisfactory condition and fit for the service for which it is intended, and that it complies with the requirements of this Convention, and of the detailed regulations promulgated as a result thereof by the Government of the State to which the ship belongs.

(C) A survey, either general or partial, according to the circumstances, shall be made every time an accident occurs or a defect is discovered which affects the safety of the ship or the efficiency or completeness of its life-saving appliances or other equipment, or any important repairs or renewals are made. The survey shall be such as to ensure that the necessary repairs or renewals have been effectively made, that the material and workmanship of such repairs or renewals are in all respects satisfactory, and that the ship complies in all respects with the provisions of this Convention and of the detailed regulations promulgated as a result thereof by the Government of the State to which the ship belongs.

ARTICLE XXVI.

The detailed regulations referred to in Article XXV. shall prescribe the requirements to be observed as to the initial and subsequent hydraulic tests to which the main and auxiliary boilers, connections, steam-pipes, highpressure receivers, and fuel tanks for oil motors are to be submitted, as regards the test pressure to be applied, and the intervals between two consecutive tests.

Main and auxiliary boilers, connections, tanks, receivers, and steampiping more than 102 millimetres (4 inches) in diameter shall be satisfactorily tested by hydraulic pressure when new and thereafter periodically.

The initial and subsequent tests of the boilers shall take place under the following conditions:

The test pressure shall be not less than one and-a-half times the working pressure, or five atmospheres above the working pressure, whichever is the less. If the pressure at the initial test does not exceed the working pressure by more than five atmospheres the interval between two consecutive tests shall not exceed two years. With a higher pressure at the initial test this interval may be increased, and if the pressure at the initial test is double the working pressure, the interval may be six years, but it shall in no case exceed that period.

Motor boats may be accepted if they comply with the requirements laid down for boats of the First Class, but only to a limited number, which number shall be determined by each Government in its own regulations.

No boat may be approved, the buoyancy of which depends upon the previous adjustment of one of the principal parts of the hull, or which has not a.cubic capacity of at least 3-5 cubic metres (equivalent to 125 cubic feet).

ARTICLE XXVIII.

Boats of the First Class.

The standard types of boats of the First Class must satisfy the following conditions:

1A. Open Boats with Internal Buoyancy only.

The buoyancy of a wooden boat of this type shall be provided by watertight air-cases, the total volume of which shall be at least equal to one-tenth of the cubic capacity of the boat.

The buoyancy of a metal boat of this type shall not be less than that required above for a wooden boat of the same cubic capacity, the volume of watertight air-cases being increased accordingly.

1в. Open Boats with Internal and External Buoyancy.

The internal buoyancy of a wooden boat of this type shall be provided by watertight air-cases, the totai volume of which is at least equal to seven and a half per cent of the cubic capacity of the boat.

The external buoyancy may be of cork or of any other equally efficient material but such buoyancy shall not be secured by the use of rushes, cork shavings, loose granulated cork or any other loose granulated substance, or by any means dependent upon inflation by air.

If the buoyancy is of cork, its volume, for a wooden boat, shall not be less than thirty-three thousandths of the cubic capacity of the boat; if of any material other than cork, its volume and distribution shall be such that the buoyancy and stability of the boat are not less than that of a similar boat provided with buoyancy of cork.

The buoyancy of a metal boat shall be not less than that required above for a wooden boat of the same cubic capacity, the volume of the air-cases and external buoyancy being increased accordingly.

1c. Pontoon Boats, in which Persons cannot be accommodated below the Deck, having a Well Deck and fixed Watertight Bulkwarks.

The area of the well deck of a boat of this type shall be at least 30 per cent of the total deck area. The height of the well deck above the water-line at

all points shall be at least equal to one-half per cent of the length of the boat, this height being increased to one-and-a-half per cent of the length of the boat at the ends of the well.

The freeboard of a boat of this type shall be such as to provide for a reserve buoyancy of at least 35 per cent.

ARTICLE XXIX.

Boats of the Second Class.

The standard types of boats of the Second Class must satisfy the following conditions:

2A. Open Boats having the upper parts of the Sides collapsible.

A boat of this type shall be fitted both with watertight air-cases and with external buoyancy, the volume of which, for each person which the boat is able to accommodate, shall at least be equal to the following amounts:

The minimum freeboard of boats of this type is fixed in relation to their length; it is measured vertically to the top of the solid hull at the side amidships, from the water-level when the boat is loaded.

The freeboard in fresh water shall not be less than the following amounts:

The freeboard of boats of intermediate lengths is to be found by interpolation.

2B. Pontoon Boats having a Well Deck and Collapsible Bulwarks. All the conditions laid down for boats of type lc are to be applied to boats of this type, which differ from those of type 1c only in regard to the bulwarks.

2c. Pontoon Boats, in which the Persons cannot be accommodated below Deck, having a flush Deck and Collapsible Bulwarks.

The minimum freeboard of boats of this type is independent of their lengths and depends only upon their depth. The depth of the boat is to be measured vertically from the underside of the garboard strake to the top of the deck at the side amidships and the freeboard is to be measured from the top of the deck at the side amidships to the water-level when the boat is loaded.

The freeboard in fresh water shall not be less than the following amounts, which are applicable without correction to boats having a mean sheer equal to three per cent of their length: