Christ was subjected to them; the human was not dissevered from the divine for the sake of enduring them. Why then suppose such a separation in the sufferings of death? Nor does this involve any insurmountable difficulty, even on the supposition that Deity, as a pure essence, is incapable of suffering. Who does not know that the union of diverse natures, often develops powers and susceptibilities that neither possessed separately? It is so in nature. The chemical combination of different elements results in a substance with qualities altogether unlike what either of its constituent elements possessed. So the union of mind and matter in the human constitution gives rise to a new class of powers and susceptibilities that neither a wholly material nor a wholly spiritual nature could possess. The union of the human and the divine in the person of Jesus Christ resulted in a nature wholly unique, with susceptibilities altogether its own, different from any other being in the universe. And in that nature were there not susceptibilities of suffering, such as belong to no other being? Why not then suppose the sufferings of Calvary were unique in their kind?-not the sufferings of a man-not the sufferings of a God; but of that complex being, the God-man; the Mediator-the sacrificial victim prepared from eternity-the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world?-sufferings such as no being in the universe could endure, save that mysterious union of human and divine-"God manifest in the flesh."

E. G. S.

ARTICLE VIII.

SKETCHES OF SCOTLAND.

BY THE EDITOR.

The Genius of Scotland; or, Sketches of Scottish Scenery, Literature and Religion. By REV. ROBERT TURNFourth Edition. New York, Robert Carter. 1848.

BULL.

pp. 379. 12mo.

THE name of Scotland suggests thoughts replete with interest. Its history, political and religious, its literary merit, and its geographical character conspire to render it renowned. The story of the old covenanters is identified with its rocks, and glens, and mountains. The eye of the traveller fastens almost with a superstitious reverence upon ravine and ruin, cave and crag, and by the aid of a little imagination makes them vocal again with prayer, or wakes their echoes with the music of devout praise. Every sweetly gliding stream and castellated summit has, if not its mythological divinity, its literary or its sacred associations. The names or the deeds of departed worthies, the sufferings of Christians, the achievements of warriors, the history of contests, are enshrined in every part of its territory. Though in many portions its soil is bleak and barren, it may be said of Scotland emphatically, as it has been said of New England, that it raises men. It has produced, without doubt, its proper proportion of rogues and sinners. To have been born under the sky of Scotland is no guaranty for a man's virtue or knowledge. The life of such a man as Alexander Selkirk, shows that the wicked peculiarities of the race were not wanting, even among some who were nursed among the Scotch Presbyterians of the straitest sect. Still the fame of their strictness and integrity, their faithful religious training, and their devout piety, is world-wide. Wherever they are scattered, the national patronymic is a security, in general, for uprightness and truth, for the knowledge of religious things and

respect for them, as well as for honesty, sobriety, good order and common sense.

The general diffusion of education and development in Scotland owes its high excellence in great part to a system of ecclesiastical instruction, extending to the individuals of every family; this system is admirably designed, and faithfully carried out by an efficient and indefatigable ministry. A child of any rank in life, unacquainted with the catechism, would be regarded as scarcely less than a moral monster. So true is this that, as a recent anecdote informs us, a gentleman much annoyed by beggars who pretended to be Scotchmen, but proved to be impostors, determined to test all future applicants, by requiring them to answer verbatim the first question of the Assembly's Catechism;-rightly judging that a veritable Scotchman would have drunk in that form of sound doctrine with his mother's milk. Hence it is that when, in their migrations, any of them become members of our churches, we generally find them well instructed, consistent and steadfast.

Besides the general diffusion of knowledge which prevails among the people, there are many names, which, in various departments, have risen to high distinction. There is scarcely an art or science which does not number some important contributors among the Scotch. And especially do metaphysical philosophy and general literature acknowledge among them some of the brightest ornaments. The strains of some of the poets of Scotland have rarely been excelled; their deep and gushing feeling, never. The race of her gifted poets has also been a numerous one. How many of their names are delivered to an imperishable fame. It was for Scotland to introduce a new era in the domains of fiction, setting aside the false, the monstrons and the absurd, and substituting for it the natural. reared on an elementary basis of truth. Her divines stand on a proud eminence; and, especially in the Free Church movement, they have shown themselves, in their ideas of religious liberty, as well as in their ability in other respeets, in advance of most of their southern neighbors.

The volume of Mr. Turnbull is a very interesting and readable one. Being himself a native of Scotland and perfectly familiar with the scenes he describes, he writes con amore. In a graphic and lively manuer he conducts

us from one scene to another, under the guise of travelling companions. He describes places which have an interest in a historical, geographical, or other point of view, gives sketches of the life of distinguished men, presents striking specimens of literature, and intermingles occasionally thoughts of his own, amply establishing his character as well as a man of taste and of letters, as a Christian. Mr. Turnbull writes in an easy and happy style; and in this, as well as in his other productions, he has done honor to himself, and deserved the thanks of the Christian public and the lovers of elegant literature.

The present volume has so much variety, that readers of almost all classes may find pleasure in its perusal; and readers of various tastes will find their gratification from different parts of the book. To our own mind the more attractive portions are the biographical ones, and those which relate especially to Scottish literature.

In these

departments Mr. T. has condensed an amount of various information, not elsewhere to be met with in so short a compass. So full are his notes of the poetry of Scotland, ancient and modern, that a general reader, having no other source of knowledge on this topic, would gain a very tolerable view of the whole.

Mr. Turnbull remarks that the population of Scotland is "over two millions and a half, and is gradually increasing, though the people, like those of New England, are greatly given to migration, and may be found in every part of the world.” The following is his estimate of the national character of the people.

"While the people are characteristically cautious and slow, 'looking before they leap,' to quote one of their favorite proverbs, they are bold and enterprising, and thus leap long and successfully. Few nations have accomplished so much in literature or trade, in science or the arts of industry. Their highest distinction, however, consists in their spirit of love and fealty, their leal-heartedness, their contempt of sham, their passionate love of freedom, their zeal for God and the truth. Obstinate and wrong-headed at times, characteristically dogmatic, and perhaps a little intolerant, their very faults lean to virtue's side, and go to the support of goodness. Their punctiliousness and pride, their dogged adherence to what they conceive to be right, and their vehement mode of defending it constitute the rough and prickly bark which defends the precious tree. One thing is certain, they are transparent as daylight, and honest as their own heathy hills.

"They are preeminently a religious people, protestant to the backbone, occasionally rough and impetuous in the expression of their opinions,

but never formal, never indecorous. A profound enthusiasm, bordering on fanaticism, a passionate, though not boisterous or canting devotion, a fine sense of the grand and beautiful, intermingled with a keen conscientiousness, an ardent love of freedom, with a boundless trust in God, form the great elements of their religious life. Their theology is chiefly Calvinistic, apparently philosophical and dogmatic, but rather less so than popular and practical."

In the Highlands of Scotland, the people seem to live in a style of more primitive simplicity thau in the Lowlands, or south of Scotland. "In the more remote and northern regions of the Highlands and in most of the Scottish isles, the Gaelic or Erse, a primitive and energetic tongue, somewhat akin to the Welsh or Irish, is spoken by a majority of the inhabitants. The literature of the Gaelic is exceedingly limited, confined chiefly to ballads, old songs and traditionary stories." It were to be wished that some efficient attention might be given to this ancient tongue, to preserve its remnants for the purposes of philology, before its traces shall have faded away.

One of the striking peculiarities of Scotland, particularly of the cities and large towns, is the amount expended on charitable institutions, for the promotion of learning and for the care of the sick. These are among the blessings of a Christian civilization. And in a country so distinguished by the diffusion of a religious spirit and by reverence for the word of God, we can easily see the ground of such institutions. In the course of his description of Edinburgh, Mr. T. gives the following account of George Heriot's Hospital

-one of the proudest monuments of the city, and one of the most beautiful symbols of its peaceful prosperity. It was founded by the rich and benevolent George Heriot, jeweller to King James the Sixth, Jingling Geordy,' as he is quaintly termed in the Fortunes of Nigel." It is of vast extent, and presents a good specimen of the mixed style of architecture prevalent in the days of Queen Mary. The object of this noble institution is the maintenance and education of poor and fatherless boys, or of boys in indigent circumstances, freemen's sons of the town of Edinburgh.' Of these, one hundred and eighty receive ample board and education within its walls. By this means they are thoroughly prepared for the active business of life, each receiving at his dismissal a Bible, and other useful books, with two suits of clothes chosen by himself. Those going out as apprentices are allowed $50 per annum for five years, and $25 at the termination of their apprenticeship. Boys of superior scholarship are permitted to stay longer in the institution, and are fitted for college. For this purpose they receive $150 per annum, for four years. Connected with this institu