In 1914 the domestic cotton crop was valued at $720,080,000; in 1918, at $2,087,200,000.

In 1918 production was divided as follows: Long-staple, 11.3 per cent; short-staple, 88.1 per cent; sea-island and American-Egyptian, 0.6 per cent. In Arizona and California 85,000 acres were planted with American-Egyptian cotton in 1918, and its production, stimulated by the demands of the tire-fabric industry, tends to increase steadily. The total acreage for all varieties in 1914 was 36,832,000; in 1917, 33,841,000; in 1918, 37,073,000. After the United States, India leads in size of crop, followed by China, Egypt, Russia, and smaller producers-Brazil, Mexico, Turkey, Persia, and Peru.

Imports in 1914 were 246,699 bales (500 pounds gross), valued at $19,456,565; in 1918, 205,442 bales, valued at $36,021,085. Imports are usually supplementary rather than directly competitive. Egyptian predominates and is mainly used for making tire fabrics. Peruvian imports are chiefly long, harsh tree cotton for mixing with wool in making hosiery. Imports from China and India are cheap and inferior, used in small amounts in blankets.

Exports in 1914, excluding linters, were 9,521,881 bales (equivalent 500 pounds), valued at $610,475,301; in 1918, 4,454,898 bales, valued at $654,395,514. England is the largest purchaser; in normal times Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Spain, and Belgium follow in the order named.

LINTERS.

Description and uses.-Cotton linters are the short fuzz left on cotton seed after ginning; they are removed by a special machine, this being done by cotton-seed oil mills before crushing the seed. In some cases every vestige of fiber is removed by a third ginning, the product being called "delinters" or "hull fiber." Linters are used in upholstering, in mattresses, comforts, cushions, and pads; for mixing with shoddy and for making low-grade yarns, wrapping twine, cheap rope, and candle wicks; in absorbent cotton, guncotton, niter powder, and writing paper. The greatest quantity has been used in felts and batting, but the World War caused an abnormal demand for use in guncotton and powder.

Production in 1914 was 856,900 bales (equivalent 500 pounds); in 1916, 1,330,714 bales; and in 1917, 1,125,719 bales. High war prices made it profitable to scrape this fuzz from the seed most. carefully.

Exports in 1918 were 186,126 bales (equivalent 500 pounds), valued at $10,659,141. France is the heaviest purchaser, followed by Canada, Italy, and the United Kingdom.

COTTON WASTES OR FLOCKS.

Description and uses.-Waste is made. at every machine process as cotton passes through the mill. A larger percentage of waste is

made in the manufacture of fine yarns than of coarse, but the average is estimated at 15 per cent, of which 12 per cent is reworked into inferior products, the balance being lost in the form of sand and moisture. There are two main kinds (1) soft waste, which has no twist and is made on machines up to the spinning frame, including such types as motes, card fly, flat and cylinder strips, roving waste, etc.; and (2) hard waste, having some twist, which is made on the spinning frame and subsequent machines, including such types as spinning waste, cop bottoms, reel waste, twister waste, etc. Hard waste has to be torn up into its original fibers by a special machine before it can be reworked; soft waste needs only to be cleaned for reworking. Cotton waste is used for filling in making cotton blankets, flannelettes, cheap trousering, towels, etc., and as both warp and filling in making sacks, scrubbing cloths, dishrags, etc.; also for candle and lamp wicks, wadding for surgical purposes, guncotton, etc. Flocks, short fibers removed from cloth during the brushing and napping, are much less important than many other types of waste.

Production of cotton-mill waste in 1914 amounted to 634,720 bales (equivalent 500 pounds), valued at $14,421,929. This is the amount sold and does not include that reworked in mills where produced. Imports in 1914 were 53,411 bales (equivalent 500 pounds), valued at $1,288,105; in 1918, 5,346 bales, valued at $279,630. Imports are mainly of hard thread waste for machine wiping.

Exports in 1914 were 134,501 bales (equivalent 500 pounds), valued at $4,566,769; in 1918, 115,543 bales, valued at $9,809,867, going normally to the United Kingdom and Germany. In 1918 the largest purchasers, after the United Kingdom, were Canada, Italy, and Cuba. Exports are mainly of soft waste for remanufacture. Germany formerly led in cotton-waste manufacturing, the United Kingdom following.

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS.

Cotton linters, the fine fibers that adhere to cotton seed after ginning, which are removed by a specially constructed gin, cleaned, bleached, and dried, are free of duty as cotton under this paragraph rather than dutiable as cotton waste under paragraph 250. (Abstract 38315, following 1 Ct. Cust. Appis., 246, of 1911.) Waste produced from lace curtains or clippings from towels and a mixture of short white threads or of white and colored threads, was held to be free of duty as cotton waste under paragraph 548 of the act of 1909. (Abstract 35736, T. D. 34496, of 1914, followed under the act of 1913 in Abstract 37010, of 1914.) Sweepings of cotton waste and dirt, when subjected to a mixing process to eliminate the dirt and to produce a recognized and marketable cotton waste, the product being used by the manufacturers of wiping waste, was held not to be included among the cotton wastes "manufactured or otherwise advanced in value" in paragraph 313 of the act of 1909, but free of duty under paragraph 548 as "cotton waste." (G. A. 7024, T. D. 30641, of 1910.) Cotton waste recovered from mill sweepings or used cotton waste not " advanced in value" by processes of combing and washing and bleaching in the sense implied by "advanced in value" appearing in paragraph 313 of the act of 1909 was likewise classified. (2 Ct. Cust. Appis., 222, of 1911.) (See par. 250.) Flocks might be omitted as an unimportant waste.

This paragraph might be changed to read: "Cotton, linters, and cotton waste." Linters are now classified as cotton, but they are a by-product which, in general, is used for different purposes.

PARAGRAPH 468.

ACT OF 1909.

549. Cryolite, or kryolith.

ACT OF 1913. 468. Cryolite, or kryolith.

GENERAL INFORMATION.

Description and uses.-Cryolite is a natural double fluoride of sodium and aluminum. It is used chiefly in the aluminum industry; to some extent for making opalescent glasses and enamels. Cryolite is displaced by common salt in the production of soda.

Production.-The entire world's supply of cryolite comes from one deposit in Greenland. It is found in other localities, notably around Pike's Peak, Colo., but not in commercial quantities.

Imports of cryolite in 1914 were 2,157 long tons, valued at $47,435; in 1918, 4,383 long tons, valued at $218,500. There is but one importer in North America. One-fourth or more of the imports are reexported to Canada.

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS.

Artificial cryolite is included. (G. A. 5575, T. D. 24990, of 1904; G. A. 7840, T. D. 36077, of 1916.)

550. Cudbear.

PARAGRAPH 469.

469. Cudbear.

GENERAL INFORMATION.

Description and uses.-See paragraph 564 for information relative to this coloring matter.

Imports of cudbear for 1910-1918 averaged 35,082 pounds, valued at $3,602.

PARAGRAPH 470.

551. Curling stones, or quoits, and 470. Curling stones, or quoits, and curling-stone handles. curling-stone handles.

GENERAL INFORMATION.

Description and uses.-A curling stone is a large, smooth stone, shaped like a convex cheese, having a handle in the upper side. It is about 9 inches in diameter, weighs from 30 to 45 pounds, and is used in playing the Scotch game of curling. A quoit is a ring of iron or rope, and is used in playing the familiar game of quoits.

Imports of curling stones and quoits in 1918 were valued at $380. Prior to 1918, the annual importation ranged between $1,000 and $3,000.

PARAGRAPH 471.

1 471. Curry, and curry powder.

552. Curry, and curry powder.

GENERAL INFORMATION.

Description and uses.-Curry is a kind of sauce or relish, made of meat, fish, fruit, eggs, or vegetables, cooked with spices, such as cayenne pepper, coriander seed, ginger, garlic, etc. It is very popular

in the eastern Tropics, especially in India, where it originated. Curry powder, the mixture of spices used for making curry sauce, is composed of ginger, cayenne pepper, tumeric, and coriander seed, to which salt, cloves, ground cinnamon, garlic, scraped coconut, etc., may be added.

Import values of curry decreased from $11,807 in 1914 to $9,248 in 1918, about 95 per cent coming from the United Kingdom.

Description and uses.-Cuttlefish bone, or cuttle bone, is the internal plate of the cuttlefish, a friable, calcareous substance formerly much used in medicine as an absorbent, but now chiefly for polishing wood, paints, varnish, etc., and in tooth powder. It is fed to canaries for the lime it contains.

Imports of cuttlefish bone in 1914 were 309,540 pounds, valued at $56,051, and in 1918, 247,250 pounds, valued at $57,636.

PARAGRAPH 473.

554. Dandelion roots, raw, dried, or undried, but unground.

473. Dandelion roots, raw, dried or undried, but unground.

GENERAL INFORMATION.

Description and uses.-Dandelion root is a crude drug used as a bitter material in so-called tonics and blood purifiers, chiefly proprietary. An unimportant use is in coffee substitutes (par. 233).

Production. It is collected for commerce in various European countries where the plant is both wild and cultivated. It is grown extensively as a garden plant in America, but wild supplies are more than sufficient for domestic medicinal purposes. The low-priced foreign product has taken the market, but domestic dandelion appeared during the war scarcity.

Imports of dandelion roots for 1909-1918 averaged annually 87,205 pounds, valued at $11,555.

Description and uses.-Glazier's and engraver's diamonds, unset, and miner's diamonds are usually of an amorphous variety, brown, gray, or black in color, and known as "bort." Small uncut diamonds, the best, from crystals with a natural curved edge, are employed by glaziers for cutting glass. While bort may be used for engraver's purposes, it usually requires manipulation or advancement. Minute fragments or splinters of bort are also used for making fine drills, employed for drilling small holes in rubies and other hard stones and

for piercing china, porcelain, glass, artificial teeth, etc. Rock drilling, in which a rotary drill armed with impure diamonds is used, is the most important industrial application.

Imports in 1918 of glazier's and engraver's diamonds, unset, and miner's diamonds, amounted to $1,049,975-the largest annual importation in a generation. Increases have occurred since 1914 when the imports amounted to $101,839. Recently the largest imports have come from Brazil; substantial amounts, however, are also received from England and France.

(For "Interpretation and comments," see par. 357.)

Description and uses.-Divi-divi is the dried seed pods of Casalpinia coriaria, a small tree found in the neighborhood of Maracaibo and other parts of South America. The pods are about 3 inches long, brown or blackish, and usually grow in the shape of a letter S. The seed pods and an extract made therefrom are articles of commerce. Divi-divi contains from 40 to 45 per cent tannin and is used in tanning and dyeing leather.

Imports of divi-divi during 1909-1918 averaged 5,459,181 pounds, valued at $98,190.

558. Dragon's blood.

PARAGRAPH 476.

476. Dragon's blood.

GENERAL INFORMATION.

Description and uses.-Dragon's blood is a red, resinous substance exuded from the ripe fruit of several species of small palms growing in Siam, the Molucca Islands, and the East Indies. It is marketed either in the form of small oval drops or in long cylindrical sticks, and is used in pharmacy, but principally in coloring varnishes. Production.-Dragon's blood is separated from the fruit by rubbing, by shaking in bags, or by exposure to the vapor of boiling water. It is collected by the natives.

Imports of dragon's blood varied between 12,034 pounds, valued at $5,513 in 1911, and a maximum of 48,026 pounds, valued at $19,137 in 1917. In 1918 the imports had declined to 10,387 pounds, valued at $6,193.

* * *

*

PARAGRAPH 477.

559. Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, buds, bulbs, bulbous roots, excrescences, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, dried insects, grains, gums, gum resin, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, roots, stems, vegetables, seeds (aromatic, not garden seeds), seeds of morbid growth, weeds, * any of the foregoing which are natural and uncompounded drugs and not edible and not specially provided for in this section, and are in a crude state, not advanced in

477. Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, buds, bulbs, bulbous roots, excrescences, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, dried insects, grains, gums, gum resin, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, logs, roots, stems, vegetables, seeds (aromatic, not garden seeds), seeds of morbid growth, weeds; any of the foregoing which are natural and uncompounded drugs and not edible and not specially provided for in this section, and are in a crude state, not advanced in value or condition by