New Shetland is found to extend from 540 10 west to 61° 28', and from 60° s. to 63° 30. Other accounts add 2o more w. long. and 1o of s. lat. The provisional committee for the encouragement of industry, and reduction of poor's rates at the King's Head Tavern, Poultry, in contemplating the condition of agricultural labourers for more than half a century, have perceived the continual deterioration of their condition, occasioned by a series of causes over which they had no control. Of these the progress of taxation upon the necessaries of life, and the alienation of the privilege of common land, and small holdings of land, which furnished the most profitable occupation for themselves and families' leisure hours, must be reckoned the most considerable. Besides that the general demolition of small farms by abridging the demand, tended to keep down the value of their labour. Hence, poverty has been taking the place of comparative ease, and privation of enjoyment. Large masses of waste land will furnish the most salutary remedy. Here our dissatisfied, because half-famished labourers, might be permanently relieved in coincidence with the interest of the other portions of society. Among the purposes embraced by the protecting care of our statesmen in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, it was enacted that employment should be provided for all: and that cottages should be supplied with some land; the necessity of which latter provision was so well understood in the reign of King Charles I. that a special commission was appointed to enforce its observance. By the revival of such means, the return of our prosperity may at no distant period be anticipated. Without colonization our population, will, on our own soil, be amply sustained, and poor's rates gradually diminish, till the impotent and infirm alone will be the appli cants." It appears that the nightingale does not visit Yorkshire so frequently as it did forty or fifty years ago. Whatever may be the cause, it is confessedly now seldom heard in this part of the island. The discovery of an easy and effectual method of preventing the destruction of woollen fabrics and furs by moths is due to the officers of Artillery at Woolwich, employed in the inspection of clothing returned from Spain. It was observed, that in casks where all other woollen substances were totally destroyed, those cloths that had been rendered water-proof by the common well known process, remained untouched. Attention having thus been excited to this circumstance, other similar mixed packages were examined, and the results were found to be invariable. A liquor is brewed from the berries of the mountain ash, in North Wales, called diod griàfol, by only crushing and putting water to them. After standing for a fortnight it is fit for use; its flavour somewhat resembles perry. FRANCE. Mr. Simonde de Sismondi, the well known author of the History of the Italian Republics, is engaged in a work of the first importance, the want of which has been long and universally acknowledged-a Complete History of the French Nation. The patience and sagacity displayed by the author in his multifarious researches, his perspicuous style and excellent arrangement, and above all the spirit of liberty which never ceases to animate him, afford abundant proof that, if he lives to complete his design, he will raise a literary monument worthy of his own reputation, and of the great nation whose deeds he is about to commemorate. Messrs. DUFAU and GUADET, of Paris, have recently published a dictionary of ancient geography, which is recommended in the foreign journals, as containing information unique in its kind. Close to the ancient names of places, is the corresponding modern one. Annexed is a map of the world, as known to the ancients, by M. Brué, geographer to his R. H. Monsieur. Ancient geography is not only an object of learned curiosity, but is a necessary compliment of history, and should form one essential basis of education. A number of Cachemire goats, imported into France by M. Ternaux, have been settled at Perpignan, where having recovered their health, they are beginning to propagate. After yeaning in March, the down, some rudiments of which had appeared in April, began to get intwined, and this may be looked upon as an approach to maturity. "This I had plucked up," says M. Tessier (in his communication to the Royal Academy of Sciences)" with horn combs, and it was thus almost pure and free from clots." Each animal furnished on an average three ounces and a half; some, including a large There large he goat, gave six ounces. is very little loss, and every thing announces that this race will easily get seasoned to the climate. The she goats are better for milking than the natives; the large hairs vary much in length, and it has been remarked that the short haired individuals sometimes yield the most down, and it is finest on those of a grey colour. By allotting them a more elevated situation in the Pyrenees they are expected to give more down, and further improvements are contemplated, in the selections for propagation, by a judicious crossing with such of the indigenous races as bear an analogous down. Sixty-nine pigeons having been brought from Liege to Paris, were permitted to begin their return flight on the 29th of July, at 8 o'clock in the morning. One of them reached Liege the same day at half-past twelve, and three others in three successive hours. PORTUGAL. The Portuguese monarchy has possessions in four parts of the world : In Europe is the kingdom of Portugal, and the Algarves, on a surface of 4630 leagues square, and 3,680,000 inhabitants. In America, Brazil and Guiana, 277,000 leagues square, and 24,000,000 inhabitants. In the Atlantic and Africa, the Isles of Madeira and Porto Santo, 50 square, leagues, and 91,200 inhabitants. The Azores 147 square leagues, 160,000 inhabitants. Cape Verd Islands, 216 square leagues, 36,000 inhabitants. The islands on the coast of Guinea, 53 square leagues, 35,000 inhabitants. The government of Angola, 70 square leagues, 75,000 inhabitants. Of Mosambique, 139 square leagues, 60,000 in habitants. In Asia, Goa, 92 square leagues, 60,000 inhabitants. Timor and Solor, 33 square leagues, 15,060 inhabitants. Macao, 14 square leagues, and 33,800 inhabitants. Total 282,444 square leagues, and 6,649,200 inhabitants: among the latter are two millions of slaves. The political importance equal to that of the Belgic provinces, and superior to that of Sweden. The crown revenues from eighty to ninety millions of francs. The armed force consists in Europe of 25,000 regulars and 35,000 militia. In Brazils the troops of the line and militia about 50,000. Their marine has not above eight ships of the line and sixteen frigates. SPAIN. Don. J. A. CONDE, who had been employed during many years on the History of the Arabs in Spain, lived to publish only the first volume, which appeared last year. It will, however, be printed with all speed by his executors, and when finished will constitute one of the most important pieces of Spanish literature. ITALY. The Abbé Maio continues to make important discoveries. He will be able to make large additions to Polybius, and to add many new names to classic literature. We have already devoted much space to his discoveries, and we hope soon to be able to submit some further details with specimens. nounced at Milan. It will commence A complete historical library is anwith Miller's History of the Worldand this will be followed by Botta's History of the American War, and by Gibbon's Decline and Fall. A splendid work has appeared of the Life and Correspondence of Galileo by DE NELLI. REPORT OF CHEMISTRY AND EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY, ROFESSOR LESLIE has made some hydrogen gas; from which it appeared that the effect was considerably less than what would be produced in atmospheric air of the same density. The cause appeared to depend partly on the tenuity of hydrogen gas, and partly on the rapidity with which the pulsations are conveyed through this very elastic medium. The connection between galvanism and magnetism has been illustrated by the Rev. J. CUMMING, professor of chemistry at Cambridge. The Professor has repeated the electro-magnetic experiments of Professor Oersted; he gives an account of the effects of a wire connecting a large zinc and copperplate, on two magnetic needles, one moving horizontally, the other vertically; the connecting wire being bent into the form of a circle, and the needles applied to it at different azimuths. The direction of the galvanic current was such, that a wire connecting the zinc and copper-plates tended to place itself at right angles to the magnetic meridian, which appeared experimentally, by suspending a pair of very small plates. An instrument was then described for detecting weak galvanic action, by its effects on the magnetic needle. It was found that the magnetic influence could not be transmitted between a pair of plates through any non-metallic medium; but, on making the circuit through a tube filled with acetate of lead, the needle began to be effected, when the arborescence of the revived lead had formed the metallic connection. On using connecting-wires of different lengths and diameters, it appeared that the magnetic influence was transmitted through large wires, though of considerable length, provided they were solid, more readily than through small ones, however short. An analogous effect was found to be exhibited on connecting the poles of a magnet by pieces of iron, of different lengths and thickness. The paper was concluded by contrasting this analogy with the opposite effects observed in the transmission of common electricity. The same gentleman, on the application of magnetism as a measure of electricity, describes a galvanometer consisting of a connecting-wire moveable upon a graduated slide. By comparing the deviations of a needle placed below it at different distances, the tangent of the deviation was found to vary inversely as the distance of the connecting-wire from the magnetic needle. On applying the deviation produced on the magnetic needle as a measure of the increased effect produced by moving two galvanic surfaces towards each other, it appeared that the tangent of the devia tion varied inversely as the square root of the distance of the plates from each other. A steel-wire was made permanently magnetic, by twisting it round a straight connecting-wire. A horse shoe magnet was placed in the circuit, by twisting a wire from right to left round one pole, and from left to right round the other; on connecting it alternately with each end of the battery, the magnetism of one pole was destroyed, whilst that of the other was increased. On transmitting the galvanism from a pair of plates of 15 feet of surface through a copper globe of four feet surface, the magnetic influence was distributed over every part, both of the globe and of the plates themselves. Heat has been discovered in the moon's rays by Dr. HOWARD, by means of a dif ferential thermometer of his own invention. Having blackened the upper ball of a differential thermometer, he placed it in the focus of a 13 inch reflecting mirror, which was opposed to the light of a bright full moon. The liquid began immediately to sink, and in half a minute was depressed 82, where it became stationary. On placing a skreen betwen the mirror and the moon, it rose again to the same level, and was again depressed on removing this obstacle. Dr. OLBERS informs Dr. Gauss, that he observed on the 5th of February an appearance in the dark part of the moon, which has been called a lunar volcano. It appeared as usual in Aristarchus. It was small, but much brighter than the other parts of the moon, unilluminated by the sun, quite like a star, and even appeared like a star of the sixth magnitude, seen situated to the north-east of the moon. Dr. Olbers is inclined to believe that this brightness is produced by the reflection of the light of the earth from an even and smooth surface of a great extent of rock in the moon. RECENT investigations having directed the attention of observers in a particular manner to the study of the optical characters of crystallised minerals, we think it may not be without use to notice a circumstance in the structure of crystals, which, if not known, or neglected, may lead into error. Many crystals, which, in a general view, appear simple, are found to be compound, when all their relations are attended to; and these, when examined optically, will present a compound, in place of a simple structure. The simple structure characterises the species of minerals, while the compound structure often distinguishes the varieties or subspecies. MM. ARAGO MM. ARAGO and FRESNEL have lately applied the principle of Count Rumford's concentric or co-lateral meshes to the improvement of lamps, intended either for light-houses or theatres, or for other uses where a strong bright clear light is wanted. In order to obviate the difficulty which was formerly found to arise from the carbonization of the wick by the great heat occasioned at the summit of the burner, the oil was made to flow over at the mesh, and in thus keeping the flame at the top of the wick, a full, clear, and steady combustion was obtained. M. DUDUIT DE MAIZIERES has invent.. ed, and practised with great success, a method of making bread with common apples very far superior to potatoe bread. After having boiled one-third of peeled apples, he bruised them while quite warm into two-thirds of flour, including the proper quantity of yeast, and kneaded the whole without water, the juice of the fruit being quite sufficient. When this mixture had acquired the consistency of paste, he put it into a vessel, in which he allowed it to rise for about twelve hours. By this process he obtained a very excellent bread. The Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris have proposed the following prize question for 1823: "To determine, by precise experiments, the causes, either chemical or physiological, of animal heat." It is particularly required that the heat emitted by a healthy animal in a given time be ascertained, as well also as the quantity of carbonic acid produced in respiration, and that the heat thus produced, be compared with that occasioned by the formation of as much carbonic acid from the combustion of carbon. The prize will be a gold medal of 3000 francs value. BRITISH LEGISLATION. ACTS PASSED in the FIRST YEAR of the REIGN of GEORGE THE FOURTH, or in the SECOND SESSION of the SEVENTH PARLIAMENT of the UNITED KINGDOM. CAP NAP. XXXVI. For the better Regulation of the Public Notaries in Ireland.-May 28th, 1821. CAP. XXXVII. To repeal the Duties of Customs on the Importation into Great Britain of certain Sorts of Wood and Timber, and certain Drawbacks or allowances in respect of such Duties, and to grant other Duties and Drawbacks in lieu thereof.-May 28th, 1821. CAP. XXXVIII. An Act for establishing Regulations respecting certain Parts of the Proceedings in the Court of Session, and in the Court of Commissioners for Teinds, and respecting the Duties, Qualifications, and Emoluments of certain Clerks and other officers of the said Courts.-May 28th, 1821. CAP. XXXIX. An Act for the better Regulation of the Courts of Admiralty in Scotland, and of certain Proceedings in the Court of Session, connected therewith.-May 28th, 1821. CAP. XL. To repeal so much of an Act, made in the Parliament of Ireland in the Eleventh and Twelfth Years of the Reign of King George the Third, for preventing Frauds committed by Bankrupts, as inflicts Capital Punishment on certain Offences therein specified; and to provide more suitable and effectual Punishment for such offences. -May 28th, 1821. I. 11 and 12 G. 3. c. 8. s. 24. (I.) reciting that on Bankrupts refusing to surrender, or be examined, or to deliver up their effects, &c. shall be declared guilty of felony without benefit of clergy. Recited act, so far as inflicts punishment of death, repealed. II. Such offences may be punished with transportation for life, &c. CAP. XLI. For giving greater Facility in the Prosecution and Abatement used and in the working of Steam Enof Nuisances arising from Furnaces gines.-May 28th, 1821. I. It shall and may be lawful for the Court by which Judgment ought to be pronounced in case of Conviction on any such Indictment, to award such Costs as shall be deemed proper and reasonable to the Prosecutor or Prosecutors, to be paid by the Party or Parties so convicted as aforesaid, such Award to be made either before or at the time of pronouncing final judg ment, as to the Court may seem fit. II. If it shall appear to the Court by which Judgment ought to be pronounced in case of Conviction on any such Indictment, that the Grievance may be remedied by altering the Construction of the Furnace so employed in the working of Engines by Steam, it shall be lawful to the Court, without the Consent of the Prosecutor, to make such Order touching the Premises, as shall be by the said Court thought expedient for preventing the Nuisance in future, before passing final Sentence upon the Defendant or Defendants so convicted. III. Not to extend to Owners of Furnaces erected solely for working of Mines. CAP. XLII. To defray the Charge of the Pay, Cloathing, and contingent Expences of the Disembodied Militia in Great Great Britain; and to grant Allowances in certain Cases to Subaltern Officers, Adjutants, Quartermasters, Surgeons, Surgeons Mates, and Serjeant Majors of Militia, until the Twenty-fifth Day of March One thousand eight hundred and twenty-two.-May 28th, 1821. CAP. XLIII. To defray, until the Twenty-fifth Day of June, One thousand eight hundred and twenty-two, the Charge of the Pay and Clothing of the Militia of Ireland; and for making Allowances to Officers and Quartermasters of the said Militia during Peace. -May 28th, 1821. CAP. XLIV. To exclude Persons holding certain Judicial Offices in Ireland, from being Members of the House of Commons.-May 28th, 1821. I. From and after the passing of this Act, no Person holding the Office of Lord Chancellor in Ireland, Master of the Rolls in Ireland, or being One of the Twelve Judges of the Courts of King's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer in Ireland, or being a Master in Chancery in Ireland, shall be capable of being elected, or of sitting or voting as a Member of the House of Com mons. CAP. XLV. To amend an Act of the Forty-sixth Year of the Reign of His late Majesty King George the Third, for consolidating and rendering more effectual the several Acts for the Purchase of Buildings, and further Improvement of the Streets and Places near to Westminster Hall and the Two Houses of Parliament.-June 8th, 1821. CAP. XLVI. To regulate the Attendance of Jurors at the Assizes, in certain Cases.-June Sth, 1821. I. From henceforth, in any County in which the Judge or Justices of Assize in England, or the Judge or Justices of the Grand Sessions in any County of Wales, or the Justices of the Courts of Sessions held for the Counties Palatine of Chester, Durham or Lancaster, shall think fit so to direct, the Sheriff or other Officer to whom the Return of the Venire facias Juratores or other Process for the Trial of Causes at Nisi Prius doth belong, shall summon and impannel not more than One hundred and forty-four Jurors, or such lesser number as the Judge or Justices of Assize in England, or the Judge or Justices of Assize of the Grand Sessions in Wales, or the Justices of the Courts of Sessions in the Counties Palatine of Chester, Durham or Lancaster, shall think fit to direct, to serve indiscriminately on the Criminal and Civil Side; and shall divide such Jurors equally into Two Sets, the first of which Set shall attend and serve for so many Days at the Beginning of each Assizes, as the Judge or Justices of Assize in England, or the Judge or Justices of the Grand Sessions in Wales, or the Justices of the Courts of Sessions in the Counties Palatine of Chester, Durham or Lancaster, shall before or at the Commencement of such Assizes re spectively think fit to direct; and the other of which Sets shall attend and serve for the Residue of such Assizes. II. Such Sheriff or other Officer shall, in the Summons to the Persons in each of such Sets, require the Attendance of such Persons at the said Assizes generally according to the Mode now in Use, but upon the Back of each Summons he shall indorse whether the Person named therein is in the First or Second Set, and shall specify at what Time the Attendance of such Person will be required. III. Every such Attendance and Service of such Jurors shall entitle such Jurors to the like Certificates and Exemptions as they have been heretofore entitled to, for their Attendance and Service during the whole Assizes. The Sheriff or other Officer to whom the Return of the Venire facias Juratores or other Process for the Trial of Causes at Nisi Prius doth belong, shall, upon his return of every writ or process, annex thereto a Panel, containing the Christian and Sirnames, Additions and Places of Abode, of the Persons in each of such Sets; and during the Attendance and Service of the Side shall be drawn from the Names of the First of such Sets, the Jury on the Civil Persons in that Set, and during the Attendance and Service of the Second of such Sets, from the Names of the Persons in such Second Set. CAP. XLVII. To exclude the Borough of Grampound, in the County of Cornwall, from sending Burgesses to serve in Parliament; and to enable the County of York to send Two additional Knights to serve in Parliament, in lieu thereof.-June 8th, 1821. I. Whereas there was the most notorious and general Bribery and Corruption previous to the election of Burgesses to serve in the last Parliament for the Borough of Grampound, in the County of Cornwall, in order to procure the Return of Burgesses to serve in the Parliament for the said Borough; and it should therefore be excluded from hereafter returning Burgesses to serve in Parliament: And whereas it is expedient that two additional Knights of the Shire should be returned for the County of York, to serve in Parliament in lieu of two Burgesses for the Borough of Grampound; be it enacted, that the Borough of Grampound, in the County of Cornwall, shall |