The Rev. J. DAKINS, Editor of a Selection of Tillotson's Sermons, in two volumes, just published, has in the press, a second Edition of his Selection of Beveridge's Sermons, which will appear in February.

The Chronology of the last Fifty Years, including the year 1821, will be published on the 5th of January. This useful volume within two years, has been several times at press, and appears likely to become a permanent work.

In a few days will be published in 8vo, the second edition of Views of America, in a Series of Letters from that country, to a Friend in England, during 1818-19-20, by Mrs. FRANCES WRIGHT, whose name as the authoress of this ingenious work, we are gratified in being able to present to the world.

DOCTOR ROCHE will publish on the 1st of February next, the first number (containing fourteen songs) of a New Series of Ancient Irish Melodies, with appropriate words, and accompaniments for the Piano Forte, &c.

Mr. W. H. IRELAND will shortly publish France for the last Seven Years. containing many facts, and much valuable information hitherto unknown, with anecdotes, jeux d'esprits, &c. &c.

According to advices dated September, from Capt. DUNDAS COCHRANE, of the British navy, he had reached the chain of Mount Altai, on the confines of Chinese Tartary. His object is to explore the straits which separate Asia from America, and if possible, proceed by land to Hudson's Bay. A passport and other facilities have been pro vided for him by the Russian govern

ment.

boats in the same manner as carriages are weighed, by means of loaded scales. The machine, it is said, will operate under water without preventing the boats from continuing to float.

The Zodiac of Tintira has arrived at Marseilles. Besides this monument, M. Lelorrain has sent some boxes of mummies, and a great number of objects of antiquity. The planisphere has been skilfully detached from the vaults of the ancient temple, and is no less interesting to the history of the arts than useful to astronomy and geography.

M. LENORMAND, Professor of Technology in Paris, author of several valuable books, and M. DE MOLEON an ancient elève of the Polytechnic School, who has likewise published several works upon the useful arts, are con ducting, in Paris, a very interesting periodical publication, under the title of Annales de L'Industrie. This work has already given many details upon the last public exhibition of French industry, and it contains a description of several of the discoveries and improvements which have taken place either in France or in other countries.

M. GAMBA, banker, of Paris, has terminated his journeys through the provinces of Caucasus and Georgia, undertaken by order of the French government in 1820 and 21. The numerons documents and articles which he has collected, are valuable in their relation to science as well as to commercial and manufacturing interests. He was constantly attended in his travels by his son, M. J. Gamba, lieutenant of dragoons, who has just arrived in Paris from St. Petersburgh.

ITALY.

FRANCE.

The lighting of Paris costs, for the year, £19,811. 8s. and the cleansing of the streets, bridges, &c. £16,110. 4s. M. Henry, an engineer of the French Royal corps of roads and bridges, has presented to the Academy of Sciences a plan for a new hydraulic machine; the object of which is to weigh loaded

The

The Lancasterian system has been introduced into many of the principal towns and cities of Italy, as in Naples, Milan, Brescia, Valenza on the Po, Rivoli, &c. and schools on this plan are establishing in Genoa and Rome. The Abbate Cesola and M. Caupin have employed themselves in forming similar ones in the city and environs of Nice. Nor has this method of instruction met with less encouragement in Florence, in which city is the "Florentine Institution," a very remarkable establishment, being, in fact, a combination of several schools. It is under the immediate patronage of government, and is superintended by Zuccagni Orlandini, the first projector of the plan. He is assisted by Borcini, Pierrotini, and Giuliani, young men who zealously co-operate with him in a design so patriotic, and tending so greatly to ameliorate the condition of their fellow citizens. This institution does not confine its instruction to the mere elements of reading and writing; in the preparatory school, are teachers for elegant penmanship, arithmetic, drawing, geography, and history.

SPAIN.

In the beginning of August, the Conde de Toreno, said to be the most influential man in the Spanish Cortes, addressed a letter to Mr. Bentham, from Paris, requesting his observations on the draught of a proposed penal code for Spain, as prepared by the legislative committee; and in that view towards the close of the month, caused a copy of that work to be transmitted to him. The subject, embraced in its whole extent, would have drawn upon Mr. Bentham for much more of his time than could be spared for it. But in deference to an application coming from so respectable a quarter, we took occasion to communicate his thoughts on a few of the most prominent points, in a series of seven letters. A Spanish translation of them, as they were sent over, has been for some time making at Madrid, under the inspection of another leading member of the Cortes, who had declared, and probably has, before this time, manifested his intention of holding them up to the view of the august assembly to whom those of Mr. Bentham's works that are in French, are so well known. Before the consignment of this article to the press the discussion on that proposed code has commenced, and before this Number of our Magazine is published, will not improbably

have been concluded. On this occasion it is most gratifying to discover so much mind in the Spanish public, and to find that so much of it is applied to a subject of such prime importance. Between forty and fifty paeluts of observations were sent in from different quarters-bodies, and individuals together-in consequence of an invitation that had been made public. It is, at the same time, interesting to see so much notice taken, on the opening of the discussion, of the works of our illustrious countryman; the reporter of the committee thinking it necessary to make an apology for not having followed exactly the plan traced out by him; though he did not state any thing in the shape of a reason in support of it; also, on the other side of the question, the like apology was made, but still without any more attempt at reasoning than before.

GERMANY.

The monument erected at Wittenberg in honour of Martin Luther was installed with great solemnity on the 31st of October. The statue by Mr. Schadow, is a masterpiece. Before the statue was uncovered, the ancient and celebrated hymn "Ein feste Berg ist unser Gott," was sung in chorus, and had a sublime effect. Dr. Nitsch then delivered a suitable discourse, at the conclusion of which, a signal being given, the covering of the monument fell, and disclosed this noble work. In the evening a bright fire was kindled in iron baskets placed around the mo nument, and was kept up the whole night. All the houses, not excepting the smallest cottage, were illuminated; the town-house, the lyceum, the castle, and the barracks, were distinguished by suitable inscriptions, and a lofty illumination between the towers of the town announced the sense in which the inhabitants of Luther's native place honoured his memory.

UNITED STATES.

Mr. Ralph Buckley, of New York, has invented and obtained a patent for a fire shield. It is intended to protect firemen whilst employed in extinguish ing fires, but particularly designed to prevent fire from spreading. It is made of a metallic substance; thin, light, and impervious to heat; it is of a length and breadth sufficient to cover the whole person, and it may be used in several different positions. For example: when used in the street, it is firmly fixed on a small platform, with wheels, and a

shert

short elevation from the ground. The fireman takes his stand on this platform and behind the shield; he is drawn by ropes near the current of heat and flames, without being scorched or feeling any inconvenience; and with the hose pipe, or leader in his hand, he directs the water to the part where it is most required. In this way a line of shields may be formed in close order, in front of a powerful heat, behind which the firemen may stand with safety and play upon the houses with their water pipes.

AFRICA.

A remarkable animal has been discovered in South Africa, by the Rev. John Campbell, of the London Missionary Society. The Hottentots who shot the creature never having seen or heard of an animal with a horn of so great a length, they cut off its head, and brought it bleeding on the back of an ox to Mr. Campbell. Mr. C. would gladly have transported the whole of it with him to Europe; but its great weight, and the distance of the spot (the city of Mashow) from Cape Town (about 1200 miles,) determined him to reduce it by cutting off the under-jaw. The head measured from the ears to the nose three feet; the length of the horn, which is nearly black, is also three feet, projecting from the forehead, about ten inches above the nose. There is a small horny projection of a conical shape, measuring about eight inches, immediately behind the great horn, apparently designed for keeping fast or steady whatever is penetrated by the great horn. This projection is scarcely observed at a little distance. The animal is not carnivorous, but chiefly feeds on grass and bushes. It is well known in the kingdom of Mashow, the natives of which make from the great horn, handles for their battle-axes. The animal appears to be a species of rhinoceros; but judging from the size of its head, it must have been much larger thau the common rhinoceros of South Africa, which has a large crooked horn, nearly resembling the shape of a cock's spur, pointing backward, and a short one of the same form, immediately behind it. Mr. Campbell was very desirous to obtain as adequate an idea as possible of the bulk of the animal killed near Mashow, and with this view questioned his Hottentots, who described it as being much larger than the rhinoceros, and equal in size to three oxen or four horses.

EAST INDIES.

The establishments of the English East India Company, have been detailed in a French journal, as follow: Their commercial operations commenced originally about 200 years ago, with a capital of £72,000 sterling; and now the commercial capital in shipping, merchandize, &c. is estimated at twenty-one millions. The territorial possessions comprehend 380,000 English square miles, with a population, more or less subject, of 80 millions, and a revenue of about 17 millions sterling per annum. The military force consists of 150,000 men, of which 118 battalions are infantry and 16 regiments cavalry, native troops; also three regiments of infantry, with six battalions of artillery, Europeans.

In the civil establishment the company has judges, governors, ambassadors with Indian princes, and a vast number of other subordinate characters. These immense colonial establishments are under the immediate direction of twenty-four merchants resident in London: subject, however, to the controul of a council or board ad hoc, composed of ministers of state, and depending on the Parliament, from which the company received its privileges.

NEW SOUTH WALES.

On the 23d of March, 1820, Governor Macquarie, (New South Wales) laid the first stone of a school for the education of poor children. It is to contain 500, and adopt Lancaster's method. There is another school in the colony for orphans (male,) another for ditto, (female,) and a third for indigent children of both sexes. In these are taught the elements of the Christian religion, reading, writing and arithmetic, the principles of drawing and practical agriculture. Their progress, as reported, is very satisfactory. Civi lization is making advances among the savages, many of their children being in these schools. The ulterior intention is to intermarry the young persons, when of age, and to grant them farms, cattle, ploughing implements, &c. On the 1st of Dec. 1820, Governor Macquarie laid the foundation of a new town, to be called Campbeltown. The situation is in the district of Aird, within a larger level territory of the same name. This will make the seventh town erected in that part of the world. The others are Sidney, Paramatta, Windsor (late Hawksbury,) Liverpool, Newcastle, and Bathurst.

REPORT

M.

BERARD has been engaged in a course of experiments to determine what chemical changes take place during the maturation, ripening and decay of fruits of various kinds, in the Annales de Chimie: his general results are as follows: "Fruits act upon atmospherical air in a different manner to leaves. The former at all times, both in light and darkness, part with carbon to the oxygen of the atmosphere, to produce carbonic acid, and this loss of carbon is essential to ripening, since the process stops if the fruit is immersed in an atmosphere deprived of oxygen, and the fruit itself shrivels and dies. This occurs equally to those fruits which when gathered green are able to ripen of themselves, though separated from their parent tree; but in these the ripening process may be by this means delayed for a certain time, and be completed on restoring them to an oxygenized atmosphere. In this manner peaches, plums, apples, pears, &c. may be preserved unspoilt for from three to ten or twelve weeks, inclosed in an airtight jar, with a quantity of lime and sulphate of iron worked up into a paste with water, which has the property of abstracting oxygen from the air that is in contact with it. The passing from ripeness to decay in fruits is also characterized by the production and evolution of much carbonic acid, and equally requires the presence of an oxygenized medium. The internal changes produced in fruits by the ripening process are particularly distinguished by the production of sugar, which hardly exists in any notable quantity in immature fruits; and it appears to be produced at the expense of part of the gum, and especially of the ligneous fibre. Lastly, the change which the woody fibre experiences during maturation continues during the decay of the fruit. It becomes brown; much carbonic acid is given out, and part of the sugar again disappears."

M. BERTHIER has lately been engaged on the alloys of chromium, iron and steel, and has given much interesting information respecting them, in a paper published in the Annales de Chimie, xvii. p. 55. Chromium has so strong an affinity for iron, that the presence of the latter metal very much facilitates the reduction of the former, and the combinations which result are, according to M. Berthier, more analogous to sulphurets and phosphurets than to alloys. The oxide of chrome also has so strong an affinity for the oxide of iron, as frequently to prevent its reduction, an effect that is not observed with any other substance.

Oxide of chromium heated very intensely, in a crucible lined with charcoal, was completely reduced, and gave a button

that bad suffered hasty fusion, was brittle, hard, grey in some places, grey-black in others, perhaps containing carbon in combination.

Mixtures of oxide of iron and oxide of chromium, in various proportions, were heated in crucibles lined with charcoal, and reduced, giving perfect combinations of the two metals. These alloys are generally hard, brittle, crystalline, of a whiter grey than iron, and very bright, less fusible, much less magnetic, and much less acted on by acids than iron, and these characters are more marked in proportion as more chromium is present. An alloy, resulting from an equal mixture of peroxides of iron and oxide of chromium, gave a rounded button, full of cavities, lined with prismatic crystals, its fracture crystalline. Its colour whiter than platinum, and hard enough to scratch glass like a diamond. It was easily reducible to powder in a mortar, and its powder was metallic. Strong acids, and even nitro-muriatic acid, scarcely acted on it.

Cromate of iron, being heated in a crucible lined with charcoal, the iron was only reduced into a minor state of oxida. tion, and acted on the magnet. Without the presence of the oxide of chrome, the iron would have been reduced.

On heating chromate of iron with an equal quantity of glass, containing 16 per cent. soda, there was reduction of part of the metals, and a loss of 10 per cent. which M. Berthier thinks is iron and chrome volatilized, because a metallic scoria appeared on the surface of the crucible: and this loss was greater on adding borax, and increased with its quantity.

The best method of obtaining the alloy from chromate of iron, is to fuse it in a crucible lined with charcoal, with 30 of lime and 70 of silica, or with 1 of alkaline glass, or better still with ⚫40 of borax ; and to obtain as much chromium as possible, a portion of oxide of iron should be added.

M. Berthier was induced to try the effect obtained by adding a portion of this alloy to steel. Two alloys of cast-steel and chromium were made, one with 0.01, the other with 0.015 of chromium. These both forged well, the first better than caststeel. A knife and a razor were made from them, and both proved very good; their edges were hard and solid, but their most remarkable character was the fine damask they took, when washed over with sulphuric acid. This damask was composed of white silvery veins, and nearly resembled that given by the alloy of steel and silver. The white parts are probably pure chromium, on which acids have no

action.

action. There is room to suppose that chromic steel will be found proper for the manufacture of damask blades, which will be solid, hard, and have a fine appearance,

and also for many other instruments. It was prepared by fusing together cast-steel and the alloy of chromium and iron.Brande's Journal.

AP. LXVI. For regulating the
Fur Trade, and establishing a

Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction within certain Parts of North America,

VI. Courts of Judicature established in

Upper Canada to take Cognizance of Causes in Indian Territories. Actions relating to Lands not within the Province of Upper Canada to be decided according to the Law of England:

XI. His Majesty may issue Commissions under the Great Seal empowering Justices to hold Courts of Record for the Trial of Criminal and Civil Offences.

XII. Court to be constituted as His Majesty shall direct, but Power of the Court not to extend to Capital Offences; nor to Civil Actions where the Amount in Issue

exceeds 2001.

XIV. Not to affect Rights of Hudson's Bay Company.

CAP. LXVII. For extending the Drawbacks on Coals used in Mines and Smelting Works within the Counties of Cornwall and Devon, and for allowing a Drawback of the Duties on Coals used in draining Coal Mines in the County of Pembroke.

CAP. LXVIII. To repeal so much of several Acts to prevent the excessive Price of Coals, as relates to Coal Yards established at the Expence of the Public

in Dublin and Cork.

CAP. LXIX. For vesting all Estates and Property, occupied for the Ordnance Service, in the principal Officers of the Ordnance; and for granting certain Powers to the said principal Officers.

CAP. LXX. For raising a Loan of Thirteen Millions from the Commissioners for the Reduction of the National Debt.

an

CAP. LXXI. For raising the Sum of Twenty-nine Millions by Exchequer Bills, for the Service of the Year One thousand eight hundred and twenty-one. CAP. LXXII. To establish Agreement with the Governor and Company of the Bank of Ireland, for advancing the Sum of Five hundred thousand Pounds Irish Currency; and to empower the said Governor and Company to enlarge the Capital Stock or Fund of the said Bank to Three Mil

lions.

MONTHLY MAG. No. 362.

CAP.LXXIII. To permit, for Three Years, the Transfer from certain Public Stocks or Funds in Ireland to certain Public Stocks or Funds in Great Britain.

CAP. LXXIV. To repeal an Act, passed in the Fifty-seventh Year of His late Majesty King George the Third, for regulating Payments to the Treasurer of the Navy under the Heads of Old Stores and Imprests, and to make other Provisions in lieu thereof.

CAP. LXXV. To continue and amend certain Acts for preventing Frauds and Depredations committed on Merchants, Shipowners, and Underwriters, by Boatmen and others; and also for remedying certain Defects relative to the Adjustment of Salvage in England, under an Act made in the Twelfth Year of Queen Anne.

CAP. LXXVI. To continue and various Frauds and Depredations comamend certain Acts for preventing the mitted on Merchants, Shipowners, and within the Jurisdiction of the Cinque Underwriters, by Boatmen and others, Defects relative to the Adjustment of Ports; and also for remedying certain Salvage, under a Statute made in the Majesty Queen Anne. Twelfth Year of the Reign of Her late

CAP. LXXVII. To abolish the Payment, by Prisoners in Ireland, of Gaol Fees, and all other Fees relating to the Commitment, Continuance, Trial, or Discharge of such Prisoners, and to and other Officers, prevent Abuses by Gaolers, Bailiffs,

CAP. LXXVIII. To regulate Acceptances of Bills of Exchange.

Bills accepted payable at a Banker's or other Place deemed a general Acceptance.

Bills accepted payable at a Banker's or other Place only, deemed a qualified Acceptance.

CAP. LXXIX. To repeal certain Bounties granted for the Encouragement of the Deep Sea British White Herring Fishery, and to make further Regulations relating to the said Fishery.

CAP. LXXX. For raising the Sum of One Million British Currency, by Treasury Bills in Ireland, for the Ser

3 Z

vice