while cultivating the fruits and flowers of his native land, the recollection of early days, and the country of his birth, are awakened by the vivid colours of the simple flower which his industry has reared, and which he knows to be a native of the soil to which he himself owes his existence. CHOICE OF FARMS. THE WOLLOMBI. IN a climate so dry as that of Australia, the selection of farm-land depends solely on the direction of streams, for it is only in the beds of water-courses that any ponds can be found during dry seasons. The formation of reservoirs has not been yet resorted to, although the accidental largeness of ponds left in such channels has frequently determined settlers in their choice of a homestead, when by a little labour, a pond equally good might have been made in other parts, which few would select from the want of water. In the rocky gullies that I had passed in these mountains, there was, probably, no want of water, but then there was no land fit for the purposes of farming. In other situations, on the contrary, there might be found abundance of good soil considered unavailable for any purpose except grazing, only from the want of frontage (as it is termed,) on a river, or chain of ponds. Selections have been frequently made of farms, which have thus excluded extensive tracts behind them from the water, and which, remaining consequently unoccupied, have continued accessible only to the sheep or cattle of the possessor of the water-frontage. In these valleys of the Upper Wollombi we find but little breadth of alluvial soil, but the water never fails, and this has already attracted settlers to its banks-and those small farmers who live on a field or two of maize or potatoes and who are the only beginning of an agricultural population, as yet apparent, in New South Wales-show a disposition to nestle in any available corner there. But on the lower portion of the Wollombi, where the valley widens, and water becomes less abundant, in the sandy soil, I found it impossible to locate some veterans on small farms which I had marked out for them, because it was known that in dry seasons, although each farm had frontage in the Wollombi Brook, very few ponds remained in that part of its channel. A SEA OF MUD (NEAR THE RIVER GwYDIR). The soil, as from experience we had reason to expect, had become very soft, and the rain pouring in torrents, softened the surface more and more. The wheels, however, did go round, and the party followed me over a plain, which scarcely supported even a tuft of grass on which I could fix my eye in steering by compass through the heavy rain. At length, I distinguished through the liquid medium, half a dozen trees, towards which we toiled for several hours, and which grow, as we found when we at length got to them, beside a pond of water; the only one to be seen on these plains. There was also some grass beside the pond, and we encamped on its bank, placing the carts in a line, at right angles to the trees, thus taking possession of all the cover from an attack that could be found. We had travelled eight miles over the open plain in a straight line, and considering the state of the earth, I was surprised that the cattle made any progress through it. When the clouds drew up a little, I was not sorry to discover that the plain was clear of wood to a considerable distance on all sides, nor to recognise some of the hills overlooking our old route. According to the bearings of several of these, I found that the plundered camp was only seventeen miles distant, the ground was so soft that we could not move further with the carts, until fair weather had again rendered it passable, and under these circumstances I resolved to halt the party here, until after my intended excursion to Bombelli's Ponds. Feb. 16-The rain poured from a sky that might have alarmed Noah. The ground became a sea of mud; even within our tents we sank to the knees, no one could move about with shoes-the men accordingly waded about barefooted. The water in the pond was also converted into mud. Ground-crickets of an undescribed species-which perhaps may be called Gryllotalpa Australis came out of the earth in great numbers. RESULTS OF THE FIRST EXPEDITION. This journey of discovery proved that any large river flowing to the north-west, must be far to the northward of the latitude of 29°. All the rivers south of that parallel, and which had been described by the Barber as falling into such a river as the Kindur,' have been ascertained to belong wholly to the basin of the Darling. The country we traversed was very eligible in many parts, for the formation of grazing establishments-as a proof of which it may be mentioned that flocks of sheep soon covered the plains of Mùlluba, and that country around the Barber's stockyard has, ever since the return of the expedition, been occupied by the cattle of Sir John Jamieson. At a still greater distance from the settled districts, much valuable land will be found around the base of the Nundawar Range. The region beyond these mountains, or between them and the Gwydir, is beautiful, and in the vicinity, or within sight, of the high land, it is sufficiently well watered to become an important addition to the pastoral capabilities of New South Wales. ON THE EARLY MODES OF MEASURING TIME. I. DIVISIONS OF TIME. IN the dawn of society, when man had not yet entered upon that career of activity which the developement of mind, the ties of social life, and the gradual growth of his wants and wishes, rendered necessary, the progress of time was not an occurrence of paramount importance to him. The day was quite long enough to enable him to cultivate and gather the produce of the ground, or to hunt and appropriate for purposes of food the animals around him. From these he obtained food and clothing; and thus his wants, limited in extent, were easily supplied. But when increase of population rendered necessary the search for new regions, and when the mental tastes of men began to multiply the number and variety of their employments, it was found necessary to mark the course of TIME; to distinguish those periods of the year when the fruits of the soil were in a fit state for food; those periods in which the rainy season occurred; and (among those nations which were further removed from the equator) those periods when cold blighted the verdure of the trees and flowers. Thus an observance of annual seasons sprang up, long before anything was known of the astronomical causes of those seasons. But it was moreover necessary to divide the day into smaller portions. Men perceived that night succeeded day with great regularity; and they could not have been long in observing that when the daylight was shorter in duration, the night was proportionably lengthened; and that, conversely, when in summer the day-light was prolonged, the nights were accordingly shortened-the day and night together forming a period of time (nearly) equal at every part of the year, and in every country. This statement is true with respect to the countries occupied in the early stages of society; all of which were within a few degrees of the extreme latitudes of the Mediterranean sea: but the inhabitants of those comparatively small portions of land situated at a higher latitude than 664° experience no night at all at Midsummer, and suffer a complete deprivation of daylight at Midwinter. This becomes more marked, as we approach nearer to the poles. The sun does not shine on the north pole from the twenty-first of September to the twenty-first of March, with a small exception, (due to atmospheric refraction,) at the limits of that period; but from the twenty-first of March to the twenty-first of September the sun never sets to the north pole. Clouds and fogs may obscure his rays, but he is constantly above the horizon. It follows from this that there is but one night and one day in a whole year at the north pole, each having a duration of six months. The same conditions obtain at the south pole, excepting that the times are reversed; summer, or day, (for in this case these terms are convertible into each other,) occurring at the south pole, when it is winter, or night, at the north. The uninterrupted depression of the sun below the horizon at Midwinter occurs in latitude 664° for a period of only three or four days; while, as we have seen, this continued depression lasts for six months at the poles. It necessarily results that intermediate latitudes experience a Midwinter darkness, increasing in duration as we approach the pole. These nocturnal days, (if we may be allowed the term,) are, for five or six different latitudes, as follows: viz. In latitude 664° North, from Dec. 20 to Dec. 23 70 75 Nov. 3 90 (or at the pole) Sep. 21 Mar. 7 Mar. 21 We must observe, however, that at the limits of each of these periods there is a very long twilight. The sun is not above the horizon, but he is so nearly on a level with it, that for many successive hours, (and, near the pole, for many successive days,) the light yielded is equivalent to that which just precedes sunrise in our own climate. This continued absence of the sun is wholly due to the obliquity of the equator to the ecliptic; that is, the earth's motion round her axis, is not in the same plane as her motion round the sun, but is inclined to it at an angle of 230, as may be observed in the annexed figure. S At each of the four representations of the earth performing its annual journey, let NS represent its axis, and EQ the equator, o being the sun. If the earth's motion round its axis be in the plane of its orbit, E Q would coincide with the orbital line, and NS would be at right angles with it. The seasons, and days and nights, would remain constant all over the world; for the sun would always shine perpendicularly to the equator. But, as it is, we observe at one time of the year the north pole wholly enlightened, and the south pole in darkness: this is our summer. At another time of the year, the north pole is dark, and the south pole is light: this is our winter. The intermediate states are spring and autumn. Such then is the case with reference to the regions within the arctic and antarctic circles, which surround the poles, the former the northern, and the latter the southern, at a distance of 234°. But in the times of the ancient Babylonians and Egyptians, these polar regions were unknown, and consequently there was no deviation from the rule,' that the duration of an artificial day (the time that the sun is above the horizon) added to the following night, made an equal quantity at all times of the year. Subsequent observations have, however, detected a deviation, which comes properly under the subject of Equation of Time, to which we shall allude hereafter. This period, then, the natural day, or one whole revolution of the earth with respect to the sun, the ancients wished to divide into smaller portions, to indicate the times of recurrence of similar employments or ceremonies on each successive day. The boundary of one such portion was the instant that the sun attained his greatest elevation in the heavens: that moment was exactly midway between the preceding and the following nights. The moment of greatest darkness, or when the sun has his greatest depression below the horizon, was found to be just half a natural day after his greatest height above it. Thus midday and midnight formed two convenient boundaries, by which the day could be divided into two equal parts. Those parts were each subdivided into two portions, by noticing the times when the the latitude of Great Britain considerable difference is sun rose in the morning, and set in the evening. In observed in these hours at different parts of the year; the sun rising in Midsummer before four o'clock, and in Midwinter not till after eight o'clock: the setting of the sun being in a corresponding manner variable. But in the countries which were first peopled, such as Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, Syria, &c., the hour of length of daylight, therefore, although unequal sunrise is not subject to so much variation. The throughout the year, is not so much so as with us. Thus arose four nearly equidistant points of division: midnight, sunrise, midday, and sunset. These natural divisions of a day formed the groundwork of all diurnal arrangements among the early nations. The Jews reckoned their days from evening to evening; the time of sunset being considered the beginning of each day. But as sunset (as we have just observed) occurs at different times in different periods of the year, the beginning of their day necessarily varied. The time of sunset in Judæa is about five o'clock at Midwinter, and about seven o'clock at Midsummer, which makes a difference of two hours in the point from which they commenced their day. It was not until a subsequent period that hours were introduced among the Jews; for it would appear from a passage in Nehemiah, chap. ix. v. 3, that the civil day was, about 450 B. C., divided into four parts. Again, David, in Psalm Lv., ver. 17, speaks of evening and morning and noon, as if they were stated points of division in the day. THE caprices of the wind are the hourly and proverbial subject of remark, and, not seldom, of thoughtless complaint. Even for these, however, there are causes, though we know them not; and in every caprice or change there is a benefit for some one. Had man possessed the power which fable has sometimes assigned him, could he have regulated them so well; capricious and causeless as they may seem? But there is a peculiarity in the distribution of these apparently capricious winds, which marks a design in the midst of all this seeming disorder. In the great Trade-wind the design is obvious: it circulates round the globe where the ocean is widest, and is thus the great aid to the chief highway for the most distant communications. steadiness of its destinations from the fundamental course, It is always to be found where it is wanted; while the renders it, in those parts, not less useful. Within the range of those several winds, the navigator requires little which he cannot accomplish through their aid; while where they become evanescent, the very shores which he desires to reach or to navigate, begin to act on them and produce the variable and local winds to aid him. If this be chance or contingency, to the same causes do we owe the tides of the narrow seas. -MACCULLOCH. LONDON: JOHN WILLIAM PARKER, WEST STRAND. PUBLISHED IN WEEKLY NUMBERS, PRICE ONE PENNY, AND IN MONTHLY PARTS, PRICE SIXPENCE. Sold by all Booksellers and Newsvenders in the Kingdom. CARLINGFORD is a small sea-port town, in the parish of the same name, in the barony of Lower Dundalk, in the county of Louth, and the province of Leinster. It stands at the foot of an extensive range of mountains, and on the south-eastern side of the spacious and beautiful inlet, called Carlingford Bay; it lies to the north of Dublin, at a distance of seventy-five miles. The origin of the town is commonly traced to the erection of the castle, whose ruins form so conspicuous a feature of the place at the present day; this edifice, which is called Carlingford Castle and King's Castle, is generally said to have been built by order of King John, when he was in this kingdom, about the year 1210. It was an important station during the early ages of the English dominion in Ireland; and although it was never regularly fortified, or even surrounded by a wall, it was a place of strength, from the circumstance of every house of any importance in it being a small fortress or castle, fully capable of resisting a sudden attack. Its position upon the frontiers of the English pale necessarily exposed it to frequent dangers. The ruins of Carlingford Castle at the present day are among the finest in Ireland. Thomas Wright, in his Louthiana, thus describes its appearance in the latter part of the last century : Formerly it must have been a very fine pile of building, and seems, by its situation, designed to defend a VOL. XIV. narrow pass at the foot of tne mountains, close by the sea, where but a very few men can march abreast, dangerous mountains on the other, the least 700 yards perpendicular. rocks and a deep sea being below on one side, and very high The foundation of it is a solid rock, washed by the sea, and some of the walls are eleven feet thick. On one side of it there appears to have been a platform or battery, which some time or other may have been adapted for the defence of the harbour, which is one of the finest in Ireland. The old castles, which appears to have been the common kind of town of Carlingford seems to have been originally all small habitations in this country, and the manner of building in those days; Dundalk formerly having also been full of the like sort of dwellings. On the southern side of the town, or that opposite to the side on which the castle stands, are the ruins of a Dominican monastery, of the date, as is generally supposed, of the fourteenth century; a religious house of that order was established here by Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster, in the year 1305. In the thirty-fourth year of the reign of Henry the Eighth, "the prior was found seised of a church and belfry, chapter-house, dormitory, hall, kitchen, and other buildings; one acre, one park, one close, seven messuages, and a water-mill, with their appurtenances, in the vill of Carlingford, of the annual value, besides all reprises, of 41. 6s. 8d." Before the union, Carlingford returned two members to the Irish House of Commons. The population of the town is now 1300, and that of the parish 419 near 10,000. Upwards of 2000 hands are engaged in the fishery; the oysters taken at Carlingford are celebrated for their delicious flavour, even in the metropolis of Ireland. The water in the extensive bay is deep, but unfortunately the entrance is obstructed by hidden rocks, which render the navigation dangerous for vessels even of moderate size; the linen and butter which the town exports are thus conveyed in small craft entirely. The scenery of the bay is, however, described as of the most enchanting description; its shores being decorated with attractive villages, numerous bathing lodges, and agreeable cottages; "behind which some mountains rise, infinitely varied through all their elevation; here waving with ornamental woods, there glowing with heath or verdure; on the one side battlemented with a gray expanse of rocks, on the other exhibiting the industrious extensions of cultivation." The mountain overhanging King John's castle is about 1850 feet in height; and it is "by reason of its position and height," to use the language of Mr. Wright, that "the inhabitants of this town, great part of the summer season, lose sight of the sun several hours before he sets in the natural horizon." Carlingford enjoys also a celebrity arising from another source. In the early part of the last century the mountains in its neighbourhood afforded a retreat to Redmond O'Hanlon, one of the most distinguished Rapparees" that Ireland has produced. It is, of course, not our intention to entertain our readers with a narrative of the exploits of this redoubted hero; but, as it is impossible to read the Irish history satisfactorily-(especially of that important period which immediately followed the expulsion of James the Second from England)-without knowing what the Rapparees were, we shall give a short account of them. In speaking of the Rapparees it is impossible to avoid some mention of a kindred class-called Tories —who make an equally important figure in an earlier page of the history of Ireland. It is scarcely necessary to inform our readers that the lawless bands whose exploits are here described, were a very different class of persons from those friends of religion and order who, in modern times, have been distinguished by the same name, and that consequently the sense in which the word Tories occurs in this portion of Irish history, is the very reverse of that which it has borne in this country for the last hundred and fifty years, as the designation of a political party. The epithet, Tory, is supposed to have originated in the civil wars which desolated Ireland, during the reign of Elizabeth, and was applied only to the peasantry. Sir Richard Cox, in his history of Ireland, speaking of Sir Henry Sydney, the Lord Deputy, in 1575, says : It is observable of this great good man, that although he did most excellent service in Ireland, yet he was but ill rewarded for it in England; and therefore he was with great difficulty prevailed with to accept the government this seventh and last time; for (as he expressed himself in his letter) he cursed, hated, and detested Ireland above all other countries; not that he had any dislike of the country, but that it was most difficult to do any service there, where a man must struggle with famine and fastnesses, inaccessible bogs, and light-footed Tories; and yet when these and all other difficulties were surmounted, no service in the world was less reputed, valued, or requited than that. Among the measures which Sir Henry Sydney took, was the following, as related by Cox : And the better to discover vagabonds and Tories, every gentleman was commanded to give in a list of his dependants, and to answer for them; and proclamation was made, that every idler, that was not named in one of those lists, should be punished as a felon and a vagabond, to which the Irish lords and gentlemen gave their consents with seeming joy; and every one of them gave in pledges of his loyalty to the Lord Deputy. Tories, robbers, and rapparees were often joined together in Irish acts of Parliament. Malme says that the term is derived from an Irish word toree-"give me [your money]." The character of the Tories is thus noticed by Glanville, in one of his sermons, long before the political distinction existed, "Let such men quit all pretences to civility and breeding; they are ruder than Toryes and wild Americans.” During the Irish rebellion of 1641, this name was bestowed on such individuals as at first professed to remain neutral in the contest, but who, ultimately, perhaps urged by the loss of their property and their consequent distress, took up arms with a view of reprisal or revenge on those by whom they had been reduced to absolute ruin. English and Irish, Protestant and Catholic, Republican and Loyalist, were alike their common enemies; and Tories, being joined by men of desperate fortunes, united themselves into bodies; and, in fact, became formidable gangs of freebooters, who harassed the regular troops of all parties without distinction. The name, therefore, was one of reproach, and "Tory-hunting" was almost viewed in the light of a pastime. An old rhyme, in allusion to this sport, is still orally current in the south of Ireland, and a decided favourite in the nursery collection. IIo! Master Teague-what is your story? I hunted him in and I hunted him out, So I fired my gun and I shot him dead. The Rapparees are posterior, in the order of time, to the Tories. Todd, in his edition of Johnson's Dictionary, thus explains the meaning of the word Rapparee: A wild Irish plunderer, so called, Mr. Malme says, from his being armed with a half-pike, termed by the Irish a rapery. In an account of General Blakeney, which I have read, I find, however, that from a weapon, shaped like a rake, called a rapp, which [such persons] carried instead of a spear, they were called rapparées.' Cox, in "an Explanatory Index of some Quota tions and Terms," attached to his Hibernia Anglicana, which was published in 1692, has the following definition : Raporces, the rabble of the Irish, who are armed with a half-pike, which they call a rapery, and have plundered the English in all parts of the kingdom. The name seems to have been first used in the war which followed the Revolution of 1688, when James the Second, after his flight from England, attempted to make a stand in Ireland. Bishop Burnet, relating the events of 1690, in his History of his own Times, says, after describing the raising of the siege of Limerick by the forces of King William, and the departure of the French allies of James from Ireland, In the meanwhile the Irish formed themselves into these knowing all ways, and the bogs and other places of many bodies, which, by a new name, were called Rapparees : retreat in Ireland, and being favoured by the Irish that had submitted to the king, robbed and burnt houses in many places of the country; while the king's army studied their own ease in their quarters, more than the protection of the inhabitants: many of them were suspected of robbing in their turn, though the Rapparees carried the blame of all their stock of cattle and corn was almost quite destroyed in between them the poor inhabitants had a sad time, and many places. On another occasion, in the same year, he says:Great complaints were brought over from Ireland, where the king's army was almost as heavy as the Rapparces were, Mr. Crofton Croker says, that Rapparee has much the same meaning as Tory, and that it is derived from an Irish word signifying a half-stick or broken beam, resembling a half-pike, from whence the name was given to such as carried this weapon, and did not belong to the regular troops of either army, but provided themselves, in the best way they could, with pikes, daggers, or skeins, and such instruments of offence as could be readily manufactured. It seems, however, that the Tories, in the reign of Charles the First, received originally some provocation, and that their conduct can be better vindicated than that of the Rapparees of William's days. It is asserted, and with strong claims to belief, that the Irish commanders of the army which supported the cause of James the Second, after his expulsion from England, encouraged, by written protections, the Rapparees to surprise and plunder the straggling and detached parties of William's forces; particularly during the winter, when general hostilities were suspended; by which means they not only harassed them extremely, but accumulated a supply of horses and muskets, that enabled the Irish to bring an additional number of men into the field the ensuing season. The author of a work intitled The State of the Protestants of Ireland, under the late King James's government, &c., published in 1691, and generally attributed to Dr. William King, Bishop of Derry, and afterwards Archbishop of Dublin, gives the name of Rapparees to the levies made by James the Second, in Ireland, upon his expulsion from England. After expatiating upon James's design, to destroy the Protestant religion, he proceeds to show "King James's actual progress in our destruction ;" and among other measures of James, refers to his disbanding of the old army, which he found at his accession, and collecting a new one. He narrates its effects in Ireland while James remained on the throne, and before the arrival of William and his Dutch army: But when (he adds) the descent was made by his present majesty into England, things grew yet more troublesome. The Protestants were every where robbed and plundered. The new commissioned officers and their soldiers, under the new name of Rapperies, committed many outrages and devastations on their Protestant neighbours; insomuch that they could not be safe in their houses. If any endeavoured to keep their houses, though merely to secure themselves from the robbers and Tories, immediately they were besieged; and though they surrendered themselves as soon as summoned, having no design to resist authority, and put themselves into the hands of King James's officers, upon promise of freedom, nay, or articles, yet afterward they were imprisoned and prosecuted, as Mr. Price, of Wicklow. Some of them condemned and executed. The same writer makes it a principal ground of complaint against King James, that the new levies which he raised in Ireland, when the Prince of Orange landed in England, were principally old rebels, Tories, and robbers: All the scum and rascality of the kingdom were made officers; every where the Papists armed and enlisted themselves, and the priests suffered no man to come to mass that did not arm himself with, at least, a skean and a half-pike, [the Rapparees' weapon]. Most of them were the sons or descendants of rebels, in 1641, who had murdered so many Protestants. Many were outlawed and condemned persons, that had lived by torying and robbing. No less than fourteen notorious Tories were officers in Cormuck ô Neal's regiment; and when forty or fifty thousand such were put into arms, without any money to pay them, we must leave the world to judge what apprehensions this must breed in Protestants, and whether they had not reason to fear the destruction that immediately fell on them. They saw their enemies in arms, and their own lives in their power. They saw their goods at the mercy of those thieves, and robbers, and Tories, now armed and authorized, from whom they could scarce keep them, when it was in their power to pursue and hang them. These last lines contain an evident allusion to the sport of "Tory-hunting." When a Rapparee became a prisoner he had no hope of mercy; the gallows or a bullet instantly terminated his existence. The necessity, however, as Mr. Crofton Croker observes, is obvious, that no quarter should be given to men who lurked in ambush, ready to spring on their prey at every favourable opportunity, and whose acquaintance with the country enabled them to lie concealed in the most artful and treacherous manner. But to this unfortunate necessity it is to be feared that many innocent persons fell victims; for in those indiscriminating times, very little trouble was taken by either party to ascertain the guilt of an individual, so long as he was obnoxious; and in all probability many of the simple peasantry were punished, as being Rapparees, when they had no title whatever to that distinction. deed this is plainly stated to be the case by a contemporary writer, in An Answer to Dr. King's work, already quoted, which is generally attributed to Mr. Charles Leslie, who had rendered himself conspicuous as a staunch supporter of the Protestant interest in Ireland; although, on the accession of William and Mary, he refused to acknowledge their supremacy, and became one of the heads of the non-juring interest. After citing some instances of what he styles the breach of the Articles of Cork and Limerick, he adds: In But the vast number of poor harmless natives who were daily killed up and down the fields, as they were following their labour, or taken out of their beds and hanged, or shot immediately for Rapparees, is a most terrible scandal to the government, which the Protestants themselves do loudly attest; and many of the country gentlemen, as likewise several officers, even of King William's army, who had more bowels or justice than the rest, did abhor to see what small evidence, or even presumption, was thought sufficient to condemn men for Rapparees, and what sport they made to hang up poor Irish people by dozens, almost humane kind! without pains to examine them; they hardly thought them The tactics of the Rapparees, if we may use the expression, are exposed in the following passage, from an old writer; it will be seen at once that they had no title whatever to the name and privileges of a fair and open enemy: When the Rapparees have no mind to show themselves upon the bogs, they commonly sink down between two or three little hills, grown over with long grass; so that you may as soon find a hare as one of them. They conceal their arms thus:-they take off the lock and put it in their pocket, or hide it in some dry place; they stop the mussle close with a cork, and the touch-hole with a small quill, and then throw the piece itself into a running water or pond; you may see an hundred of them without arms, who look like the poorest humblest slaves in the world, and you and yet, when they have a mind to do mischief, they can may search till you are weary before you find one gun; all be ready on an hour's warning, for every one knows where to go and fetch his own arms, though you do not. This acccount has been ridiculed by some writers, but Mr. Crofton Croker sees no reason to question its accuracy, "as during the years 1793 and 1794, the disaffected in the north of Ireland concealed both themselves and their arms, from the soldiery sent to disperse their meetings, in a similar manner." In the Military Articles which were agreed upon between the commanders of the English and Irish armies, immediately after the treaty of Limerick, in 1691, it was stipulated on behalf of the "Rapparees or Volunteers," (for it seems that they preferred calling themselves by the latter name,) in the same manner as on behalf of the regular Irish troops, that such as were willing to leave the kingdom of Ireland should have free liberty to embark, and go to any country beyond the seas, England and Scotland excepted. |