XXVII. regiment which Gates detached from the army of CHAP. Washington, did not exceed a thousand. For these there was no store of provision, nor clothing suited 1778. to the climate of Canada, nor means of transportation. Two years' service in the northern department cannot leave to Gates the plea of ignorance; his plan showed his utter administrative incapacity; it accidentally relieved the country of Conway, who, writing petulantly to congress, found his resignation, which he had meant only as a complaint, irrevocably accepted. Lafayette and Kalb were recalled. Slights and selfish cabals could wound the sensibility but not affect the conduct of Washington. The strokes of ill-fortune in his campaigns he had met with equanimity and fortitude; but he sought the esteem of his fellow-men as his only reward, and now unjust censure gave him the most exquisite pain. More was expected from him than was possible to be performed. Moreover, his detractors took an unfair advantage, for he was obliged to conceal the weakness of his army from public view, and thereby submit to calumny. To William Gordon, who was seeking materials for a history of the war, he wrote freely: "Neither interested nor ambitious views led me into the service. I did not solicit the command, but accepted it after much entreaty, with all that diffidence which a conscious want of ability and experience equal to the discharge of so important a trust must naturally excite in a mind not quite devoid of thought; and after I did engage, pursued the great line of my duty and the object in view, as far as my judgment could direct, as pointedly as the needle to the pole." "No person ever heard 1778. CHAP. me drop an expression that had a tendency to resig XXVII. nation. The same principles that led me to embark in the opposition to the arbitrary claims of Great Britain operate with additional force at this day; nor is it my desire to withdraw my services while they are considered of importance to the present contest. There is not an officer in the service of the United States that would return to the sweets of domestic life with more heartfelt joy than I should, but I mean not to shrink in the cause." In his remonstrances with congress he wrote with plainness, but with moderation. His calm dignity, while it irritated his adversaries, overawed them; and nothing could shake the confidence of the people, or divide the affections of any part of the army, or permanently distract the majority of congress. Those who had been most ready to cavil at him soon wished their rash words benevolently interpreted or forgotten. Gates denied the charge of being in a league to supersede Washington as a wicked, false, diabolical calumny of incendiaries, and would not believe that any such plot existed; Mifflin exonerated himself in more equivocal language; and both retired from the committee. that was to repair to head-quarters. In the following July, Conway, thinking himself mortally wounded in a duel, wrote to Washington: "My career will soon be over; therefore justice and truth prompt me to declare my last sentiments. You are in my eyes the great and good man. May you long enjoy the love, veneration, and esteem of these states, whose liberties you have asserted by your virtues." The committee which towards the end of January was XXVII. finally sent to consult with Washington, was com- CHAP. posed exclusively of members of congress, and the majority of them, especially Charles Carroll of 1778. Maryland, were his friends. But in the procrastination of active measures of relief, the departments of the quartermaster and commissary remained like clocks with so many checks that they cannot go. Even so late as the eleventh of February, Dana, one of the committee, reported that men died for the want of straw or materials to raise them from the cold, wet earth. In numerous and crowded hospitals the sick could not be properly cared for. Inoculation was delayed for want of straw and other necessaries. Almost every species of camptransportation was performed by men, who, without a murmur, yoked themselves to little carriages of their own making, or loaded their fuel and provisions on their backs. Some brigades had been four days without meat. Desertions were frequent. There was danger that the troops would perish from famine or disperse in search of food. All this time the British soldiers in Philadelphia were well provided for, the officers quartered upon the inhabitants. The days were spent in pastime, the nights in entertainments. By a proportionate tax on the pay and allowances of each officer, a house was opened for daily resort and for weekly balls, with a gaming-table which had assiduous votaries, and a room devoted to the game of chess. Thrice a week, plays were enacted by amateur performers. The curtain painted by André was greatly admired. The officers, among whom all ranks of the British aristocracy were represented, lived in XXVII. CHAP. open licentiousness. At a grand review, a beautiful English girl, mistress of a colonel and dressed in the 1778. colors of his regiment, drove down the line in her open carriage with great ostentation. The pursuit of pleasure was so eager, and Howe had on former occasions been so frequently baffled, that an attack in winter was not added to the trials of the army at Valley Forge. The troops of Burgoyne remained in the environs of Boston. In violation of the word of honor of the officers, much public property had been carried off from Saratoga. As if preparing an excuse for a total disengagement from his obligations, Burgoyne, complaining without reason of the quarters provided for his officers, deliberately wrote and insisted that the United States had violated the public faith, and refused to congress descriptive lists of the non-commissioned officers and soldiers who were not to serve in America during the war. On these grounds, congress suspended the embarkation of the troops under his command till a ratification of the convention should be notified by the court of Great Britain to congress. Burgoyne sailed for England on his parole. All the while, events illustrated the greatness of the struggle. In February, 1778, a detachment of men from Pittsburg, descending the Ohio and Mississippi, arrived on the evening of the nineteenth at Natchez. The next day they hoisted the flag of the United States, and took possession of the country in their name. The inhabitants, promising a strict neutrality, were admitted to parole as prisoners of war; and the liberty and property of actual resi dents were respected. XXVII. 1778. The parties of Indians which the English had let CHAP. loose on the frontiers roused Virginia, and Saint Clair Clarke received from its governor the commission to carry the flag of independence through the country northwest of the Ohio to Detroit. To counteract the arts of the British emissaries among the Indians on the borders of Virginia and the Carolinas, Colonel Nathaniel Gist was commissioned to take into the public service two hundred of the red men and fifty of the white inhabitants of the neighboring counties. Care was taken to preserve the friendship of the Oneidas. The American militia of the sea were restlessly active. In the night of the twenty-seventh of January, a privateer took the fort of New Providence, made prize of a British vessel of war of sixteen guns, which had gone in for repairs, and recaptured five American vessels. Biddle, in the "Randolph," a United States frigate of thirty-six guns on a cruise from Charleston, falling in with the "Yarmouth,” a British ship of sixty-four guns, hoisted the stars and stripes, fired a broadside, and continued the engagement till his ship went down. The country was weak only from being without a government. During the winter the members present in congress were sometimes only nine, rarely seventeen; and of former members Franklin, Washington, Jefferson, John Rutledge, Jay, and others, were employed elsewhere, and John Adams had recently been elected to succeed Deane as commissioner in France. The want of power explains and excuses the continuous inefficiency of congress. It proposed in January to borrow ten millions of dol |