Indefinite PronounsClarendon Press, 1997 - 364 sivua This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Most of the world's languages have indefinite pronouns, that is, expressions such as someone, anything, and nowhere. Martin Haspelmath presents the first comprehensive and encyclopaedic investigation of indefinite pronouns in the languages of the world, mapping out the range of variation in their functional and formative properties. He shows that cross-linguistic diversity is severely constrained by a set of implicational universals and by a number of unrestricted universals. The author treats his subject matter broadly within the Humboldt-Greenberg tradition of language typology, but also considers the contribution of other theoretical approaches to an understanding of the functional and formal properties of indefinite pronouns. The book is organized into four logically ordered steps: selection of a part of grammar-- indefinite pronouns--that can be identified across languages by formal and functional criteria; investigation of the properties of indefinite pronouns in a world-wide sample of forty languages; formulation of generalizations that emerge from the data, summarized in the form of an implicational map; and theoretically informed explanations of the generalizations, which go beyond system-internal statements, appealing to cognitive semantics, functional pressures, and universals of language change (especially grammaticalization). |
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... Old Church Slavonic nékúto 'somebody' < *ne vé kiito 'I don't know who' (g) French je ne sais quel 'some kind of cf. je ne sais (pas) quel 'I don't know which' A variant of the explicit negation 'I don't know' is the rhetorical question ...
... Old Church Slavonic godë 'suitable' Ossetic či-facndy anyone' fandy 'you want' Slovak vol'a-kto 'anyone' vol'a 'wanting' Serbian/Croatian ko mu drago 'anybody' drago mu 'dear to him' For these indefinite pronouns, I hypothesize the ...
... Old Church Slavonic kiiniga ta that book'); or the development of a comitative/instrumental case suffix in Turkish (agaçla 'with the tree') from an earlier postposition (agaç ile). These examples serve to illustrate what is meant by ...
... (Old Church Slavonic), kas āino kas > kažkas (Lithuanian), or even one wait ik hwarir > nekkver (Old Norse). These reductions go well beyond regular sound changes, but this is a frequent feature of phonological erosion as part of ...
... Old Church Slavonic the indefiniteness marker n- could precede a preposition, as shown in (328a). In modern Russian, this is no longer possible (328b). Again, the scope of n- has been narrowed. (328) (a) Old Church Slavonic né na koje ...
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