Indefinite PronounsClarendon Press, 1997 - 364 sivua This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Most of the world's languages have indefinite pronouns, that is, expressions such as someone, anything, and nowhere. Martin Haspelmath presents the first comprehensive and encyclopaedic investigation of indefinite pronouns in the languages of the world, mapping out the range of variation in their functional and formative properties. He shows that cross-linguistic diversity is severely constrained by a set of implicational universals and by a number of unrestricted universals. The author treats his subject matter broadly within the Humboldt-Greenberg tradition of language typology, but also considers the contribution of other theoretical approaches to an understanding of the functional and formal properties of indefinite pronouns. The book is organized into four logically ordered steps: selection of a part of grammar-- indefinite pronouns--that can be identified across languages by formal and functional criteria; investigation of the properties of indefinite pronouns in a world-wide sample of forty languages; formulation of generalizations that emerge from the data, summarized in the form of an implicational map; and theoretically informed explanations of the generalizations, which go beyond system-internal statements, appealing to cognitive semantics, functional pressures, and universals of language change (especially grammaticalization). |
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... function is justified by attested differences between the functional ranges of different indefinite pronoun series ... direct negation (11) Nobody knows the answer. indirect negation (12) I don't think that anybody knows the answer. free ...
... functions are well known and well established (e.g. “free choice', 'negation ... NEGATIVE POLARITY. “Negative polarity items' are often said to be restricted to the ... direct (4) — (6) negation question indirect negation (1) Overview 3.
Martin Haspelmath. (7). _T. direct (4) — (6) negation question indirect ... functions versals which are summarized by the IMPLICATIONAL MAP in Fig. 1.1. The map ... function or meaning, the implicational map may be considered as a geometric ...
... functions, the function of direct negation (as in (11) above), for further detailed discussion. I show that the crosslinguistic patterning of negative indefinite pronouns cannot be understood without placing them in the context of other ...
... negation concerns the syntactic position of the negative element. In the cases that we have seen so far in this section, the negated indefinite pronoun is an argument of the negated clause. But the negated indefinite pronoun may also be ...
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