Indefinite PronounsClarendon Press, 1997 - 364 sivua This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Most of the world's languages have indefinite pronouns, that is, expressions such as someone, anything, and nowhere. Martin Haspelmath presents the first comprehensive and encyclopaedic investigation of indefinite pronouns in the languages of the world, mapping out the range of variation in their functional and formative properties. He shows that cross-linguistic diversity is severely constrained by a set of implicational universals and by a number of unrestricted universals. The author treats his subject matter broadly within the Humboldt-Greenberg tradition of language typology, but also considers the contribution of other theoretical approaches to an understanding of the functional and formal properties of indefinite pronouns. The book is organized into four logically ordered steps: selection of a part of grammar-- indefinite pronouns--that can be identified across languages by formal and functional criteria; investigation of the properties of indefinite pronouns in a world-wide sample of forty languages; formulation of generalizations that emerge from the data, summarized in the form of an implicational map; and theoretically informed explanations of the generalizations, which go beyond system-internal statements, appealing to cognitive semantics, functional pressures, and universals of language change (especially grammaticalization). |
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... Existential sentences 3.3.3. Non-specific free relative clauses 3.3.4. Universal quantifiers 3.3.5. Languages without indefinite pronouns xiii XV 10 11 13 15 15 16 17 21 4. An Implicational Map for Indefinite Pronoun Functions 4.1. 4.2 ...
... existential quantifiers 5.2.2. (Non-)specific indefinites and referential opacity 5.2.3. Conclusion Syntactic Approaches 5.3.1. Transformational approaches 5.3.2. A binding approach Mental Spaces 5.4.1. Introduction to the mental-space ...
... existential or the universal quantifiers. While many important insights have been gained within this approach, one crucial problem has remained unresolved: the existence of indefinite pronouns which appear to correspond to the existential ...
... existential sentence, and (iii) disambiguation by specific determiners. (i) Only a specific NP can have a 'discourse referent', i.e. can be referred to by an anaphoric pronoun in a present indicative clause (Karttunen 1976: 366). (63) ...
... existential sentences, (iii) non-specific free relative clauses, and (iv) universal quantifiers. 3.3.1. Generic nouns We saw in § 3.1.2 that indefinite pronouns are sometimes derived from generic ontological-category nouns such as ...
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