Indefinite PronounsClarendon Press, 1997 - 364 sivua This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Most of the world's languages have indefinite pronouns, that is, expressions such as someone, anything, and nowhere. Martin Haspelmath presents the first comprehensive and encyclopaedic investigation of indefinite pronouns in the languages of the world, mapping out the range of variation in their functional and formative properties. He shows that cross-linguistic diversity is severely constrained by a set of implicational universals and by a number of unrestricted universals. The author treats his subject matter broadly within the Humboldt-Greenberg tradition of language typology, but also considers the contribution of other theoretical approaches to an understanding of the functional and formal properties of indefinite pronouns. The book is organized into four logically ordered steps: selection of a part of grammar-- indefinite pronouns--that can be identified across languages by formal and functional criteria; investigation of the properties of indefinite pronouns in a world-wide sample of forty languages; formulation of generalizations that emerge from the data, summarized in the form of an implicational map; and theoretically informed explanations of the generalizations, which go beyond system-internal statements, appealing to cognitive semantics, functional pressures, and universals of language change (especially grammaticalization). |
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... Indefinite Pronoun 3.2.1. Negation: negative indefinite pronouns 3.2.2. Negative polarity (or scale reversal) 3.2.3. Specificity and non-specificity 3.24. Knowledge of the speaker 3.2.5. Free-choice indefinite pronouns 3.2.6. Summary ...
... Indefinite Pronouns Structuralist Semantics Logical Semantics 5.2.1. Free-choice indefinites and universal or existential quantifiers 5.2.2. (Non-)specific indefinites and referential opacity 5.2.3. Conclusion Syntactic Approaches 5.3.1 ...
... free choice' 6.4.3. Semantic change as weakening 6.4.4. Extension from 'dunno' From Free-Choice Indefinite to Universal Quantifier Further Sources of Indefinite Pronouns 7.1. Indefinite Pronouns Marked by Scalar Focus Particles 7.1.1 ...
Martin Haspelmath. free choice (13) Anybody can solve this simple problem. Some of these functions are well known and well established (e.g. “free choice', 'negation'), while others are less known (e.g. 'known vs. unknown to the speaker ...
... free-choice indefinites later (§ 6.5). (Cf. Gil 1991 for an excellent typological study of universal quantifiers.) (d) IDENTITY PRONOUNS/DETERMINERS like other and same. These express identity and non-identity and do not show an ...
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