Indefinite PronounsClarendon Press, 1997 - 364 sivua This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Most of the world's languages have indefinite pronouns, that is, expressions such as someone, anything, and nowhere. Martin Haspelmath presents the first comprehensive and encyclopaedic investigation of indefinite pronouns in the languages of the world, mapping out the range of variation in their functional and formative properties. He shows that cross-linguistic diversity is severely constrained by a set of implicational universals and by a number of unrestricted universals. The author treats his subject matter broadly within the Humboldt-Greenberg tradition of language typology, but also considers the contribution of other theoretical approaches to an understanding of the functional and formal properties of indefinite pronouns. The book is organized into four logically ordered steps: selection of a part of grammar-- indefinite pronouns--that can be identified across languages by formal and functional criteria; investigation of the properties of indefinite pronouns in a world-wide sample of forty languages; formulation of generalizations that emerge from the data, summarized in the form of an implicational map; and theoretically informed explanations of the generalizations, which go beyond system-internal statements, appealing to cognitive semantics, functional pressures, and universals of language change (especially grammaticalization). |
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... negative indefinite co-occurring with verbal negation (N)V-NI negative indefinite co-occurring with verbal negation under some circumstances NP noun phrase NT New Testament WH-word question word +U/—U scalar implicature of universal ...
... negation'), while others are less known (e.g. 'known vs. unknown to the speaker', 'irrealis'). There is one distinction that is very often made in the literature but that does not appear ... negation question indirect negation (1) Overview 3.
Martin Haspelmath. (7). _T. direct (4) — (6) negation question indirect negation (1) —(2)—(3) Q specific specific irrealiss known unknown. non-species. (5)— (8)s conditional comparative (9) free choice FIG. 1.1. The implicational map for ...
... negation. (43) (a) He didn't lift a finger to help her: (b) He didn't do anything to help her Next, negative polarity items are licensed in (especially polar) questions ... questions and conditional protases are compatible with the truth of ...
... negative polarity context are questions, conditionals, the standard of comparison, indirect negation, and direct negation. We have already seen in the preceding section that direct negation and indirect negation are two functions that ...
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