Indefinite PronounsClarendon Press, 1997 - 364 sivua This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Most of the world's languages have indefinite pronouns, that is, expressions such as someone, anything, and nowhere. Martin Haspelmath presents the first comprehensive and encyclopaedic investigation of indefinite pronouns in the languages of the world, mapping out the range of variation in their functional and formative properties. He shows that cross-linguistic diversity is severely constrained by a set of implicational universals and by a number of unrestricted universals. The author treats his subject matter broadly within the Humboldt-Greenberg tradition of language typology, but also considers the contribution of other theoretical approaches to an understanding of the functional and formal properties of indefinite pronouns. The book is organized into four logically ordered steps: selection of a part of grammar-- indefinite pronouns--that can be identified across languages by formal and functional criteria; investigation of the properties of indefinite pronouns in a world-wide sample of forty languages; formulation of generalizations that emerge from the data, summarized in the form of an implicational map; and theoretically informed explanations of the generalizations, which go beyond system-internal statements, appealing to cognitive semantics, functional pressures, and universals of language change (especially grammaticalization). |
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... Negative-polarity items express the low point on a scale 5.5.5. Free-choice indefinites express the low point on a scale 5.5.6. Widening and strengthening Explaining the Implicational Map 58 58 59 59 60 62 63 64 65 66 68 76 77 79 79 80 ...
... NEGATIVE POLARITY ITEMS for certain subclasses of indefinite pronouns. This book gives a comprehensive overview of the main theoretical debates concerning the semantic and syntactic properties of indefinite pronouns. Its major original ...
... POLARITY. “Negative polarity items' are often said to be restricted to the functions in (8)–(12), but the cross-linguistic data show that the notion of negative polarity is too crude. In addition to indefinite pronoun series that are ...
... items (with is 'anyone, no one' derived from iš 'man') The answer is yes: that is 'anyone, no one' is a separate lexical item is shown by three syntactic facts ... negative polarity items are not restricted to negative 28 Indefinite Pronouns.
... NEGATIVE POLARITY ITEMs.” One type of negative polarity item comprises lexical minimal-unit expressions of the type (lift) a finger, (see) a living soul, which probably exist in all languages. But some languages also have indefinite ...
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