Indefinite PronounsClarendon Press, 1997 - 364 sivua This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Most of the world's languages have indefinite pronouns, that is, expressions such as someone, anything, and nowhere. Martin Haspelmath presents the first comprehensive and encyclopaedic investigation of indefinite pronouns in the languages of the world, mapping out the range of variation in their functional and formative properties. He shows that cross-linguistic diversity is severely constrained by a set of implicational universals and by a number of unrestricted universals. The author treats his subject matter broadly within the Humboldt-Greenberg tradition of language typology, but also considers the contribution of other theoretical approaches to an understanding of the functional and formal properties of indefinite pronouns. The book is organized into four logically ordered steps: selection of a part of grammar-- indefinite pronouns--that can be identified across languages by formal and functional criteria; investigation of the properties of indefinite pronouns in a world-wide sample of forty languages; formulation of generalizations that emerge from the data, summarized in the form of an implicational map; and theoretically informed explanations of the generalizations, which go beyond system-internal statements, appealing to cognitive semantics, functional pressures, and universals of language change (especially grammaticalization). |
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Tulokset 1 - 5 kokonaismäärästä 94
... specific, known to the speaker (5) Somebody called while you were away: guess who! specific, unknown to the speaker (6) I heard something, but I couldn't tell what kind of sound it was. non-specific, irrealis (7) Please try somewhere ...
... specific specific irrealiss known unknown. non-species. (5)— (8)s conditional comparative (9) free choice FIG. 1.1. The implicational map for indefinite pronoun functions versals which are summarized by the IMPLICATIONAL MAP in Fig. 1.1 ...
Martin Haspelmath. (b) Non è necessario che venga nessuno. not is necessary ... special indefinites with implicitly negative expressions like the preposition ... conditional and interrogative clauses, in the standard of comparison, and in ...
... [non-specific]?” (b)*Raamu ellig-oo hoodan-oo? Ramu whither-INDEF go:he:did-Q 'Did Ramu go somewhere [specific]?” (88) ... conditional protases. Like questions, conditional protases admit only non-specific indefinite phrases, no specific ...
... specific indefinite phrase. Now that we have seen questions and conditional protases among the contexts for non-specific indefinites, I should point out that there is an overlap with negative polarity contexts here: questions and ...
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