Indefinite PronounsClarendon Press, 1997 - 364 sivua This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Most of the world's languages have indefinite pronouns, that is, expressions such as someone, anything, and nowhere. Martin Haspelmath presents the first comprehensive and encyclopaedic investigation of indefinite pronouns in the languages of the world, mapping out the range of variation in their functional and formative properties. He shows that cross-linguistic diversity is severely constrained by a set of implicational universals and by a number of unrestricted universals. The author treats his subject matter broadly within the Humboldt-Greenberg tradition of language typology, but also considers the contribution of other theoretical approaches to an understanding of the functional and formal properties of indefinite pronouns. The book is organized into four logically ordered steps: selection of a part of grammar-- indefinite pronouns--that can be identified across languages by formal and functional criteria; investigation of the properties of indefinite pronouns in a world-wide sample of forty languages; formulation of generalizations that emerge from the data, summarized in the form of an implicational map; and theoretically informed explanations of the generalizations, which go beyond system-internal statements, appealing to cognitive semantics, functional pressures, and universals of language change (especially grammaticalization). |
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... Negative Indefinites and Verbal Negation 8.2.1. What counts as verbal negation 8.2.2. Main subtypes with respect to verbal negation 8.2.3. Type V-NI: No co-occurrence with verbal negation 8.24. Type (N)V-NI: variation in co-occurrence with ...
... verbal negation (N)V-NI negative indefinite co-occurring with verbal negation under some circumstances NP noun phrase NT New Testament WH-word question word +U/—U scalar implicature of universal quantification is (im)possible V-NI ...
... Negative indefinite pronouns are particularly interesting because they may or may not co-occur with the normal sentential negation marker on the verb. The situation in which negative indefinites and verbal negation co-occur has ...
Martin Haspelmath. express sentential negation, e.g. in Latin and English, while in others the negative pronouns co-occur with verbal negation, e.g. in Bulgarian and Lezgian. Other languages do not have any special negative indefinites ...
... negation only if it is not in the scope of negation. (190–1) are parallel to ... verb PREDICT. Thus, the two sentences in (192—3) (a) are analysed as (192—3) ... verbs that are not followed by a subordinate clause, as shown in (194a) and ...
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