Indefinite PronounsClarendon Press, 1997 - 364 sivua This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Most of the world's languages have indefinite pronouns, that is, expressions such as someone, anything, and nowhere. Martin Haspelmath presents the first comprehensive and encyclopaedic investigation of indefinite pronouns in the languages of the world, mapping out the range of variation in their functional and formative properties. He shows that cross-linguistic diversity is severely constrained by a set of implicational universals and by a number of unrestricted universals. The author treats his subject matter broadly within the Humboldt-Greenberg tradition of language typology, but also considers the contribution of other theoretical approaches to an understanding of the functional and formal properties of indefinite pronouns. The book is organized into four logically ordered steps: selection of a part of grammar-- indefinite pronouns--that can be identified across languages by formal and functional criteria; investigation of the properties of indefinite pronouns in a world-wide sample of forty languages; formulation of generalizations that emerge from the data, summarized in the form of an implicational map; and theoretically informed explanations of the generalizations, which go beyond system-internal statements, appealing to cognitive semantics, functional pressures, and universals of language change (especially grammaticalization). |
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... who INDEF can come 'Anyone can come.' Japanese Dare-ka ni ki-ite mi-masyoo. who-INDEF DAT ask-Con V try-Pol: HoRT 'Let's ask somebody.” (4 ) Indefinite pronouns have traditionally played only a minor role in descriptive linguistics, but ...
... indefinite pronouns. Formally, indefinite pronouns typically occur in several series, with each series comprising a set of indefinites referring to the major ontological categories (person, thing, place, time, manner...). For instance ...
... indefinite pronoun and the question pronoun] are partially similarit is the indefinite pronoun whose shape includes morphologically that of the question pronoun. Thus there is a universal asymmetric markedness relation such that indefinite ...
... indefinite pronouns: for example, while English and German have simple cause interrogatives, why and warum, both languages lack the corresponding indefinites (*somewhy ... Indefinite Pronoun 3.2.1. Negation: negative indefinite pronouns.
... INDEF-when come-FUT 'I will never come.' (b) Ez dut uste gizon hori i-noiz ikusi dud-anik. NEG I:it:AUx believe man that INDEF-when seen I:him:AUX-COMP 'I don't believe that I've ever seen that man.' (40) German (a) Niemand ist gekommen ...
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