CHAPTER XVII.

PREPARATIONS OF EUROPE for the CAMPAIGN OF 1777, CONTINUED.

THE ASPECT OF SPAIN ON AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 1777.

France and Spain, 301 Spain a discoverer, 301 Her people, 301 -

Her great men, 302— Want of good government, 302 Homogeneous-

ness, 302 — Chivalry, 303 — Governed by the house of Hapsburg, 303

Inherited by one of the Bourbons, 303 — Charles the Third, 303

The Inquisition, 303 - Family compact, 304 - Grimaldi retires, 304

Ministry of Florida Blanca, 304 His character, 305 His policy Span-

ish, 305 - His vanity, 305 His influence on Charles the Third, 306

Spain opposed

Galvez, 306 — Arthur Lee on his way to Madrid, 306

to American independence, 306 — And to republicanism, 306 — Spain

unprepared for war, 307- Ruined by monopoly, 307— Without an effi-

cient navy, 308 — O'Reilly, 308 The king fond of peace, 308 — Lee

stopped at Burgos, 308His interview with Grimaldi, 308 - Florida

Blanca's assurances to the British minister, 309 - Spanish court drawn

towards France, 309 Its fear of England, 310— Gibraltar, 310 Spain

aids America secretly, 310— Florida Blanca and Vergennes, 311 — Ver-

gennes fixes the epoch for war with England, 311.

CHAPTER XVIII.

ENGLAND PREPARES FOR THE CAMPAIGN OF 1777. January — May,

1777.

Lord North for concession to America, 312

War in Canada directed

Nathan Coffin,

-

The

by Germain, 312-Threats to American sailors, 313

318 Arrogance of Stormont, 313-Troops engaged in Germany, 313

Prince of Waldeck, 313 Of Hanau, 313 Heister recalled, 314

Shabby conduct of the duke of Brunswick, 315 - Margrave of Anspach,

315 Feeling of the people of Germany, 315 Frederic of Prussia,

316 - Court of Vienna, 316 — A mutiny, 317

A mutiny, 317 — Zeal of the margrave,

317 - He becomes a driver, 317-Recruits from Germany, 317-

recruits Protestants, 317 - Duke of Wirtemberg, 318 Opposition of the

Catholic princes, 318-Saxe-Gotha, 318-Darmstadt, 318 - Prince of

Anhalt-Zerbst, 319 Sources of venality, 319 - Despotic power a curse,

319 — Number of the reënforcements, 320 — British enlistments in Amer-

ica, 320-The king favors employment of savages, 321 Moderation

of Carleton, 321 Vehemence of the king, 321-Joseph Brant, 321

Opinion of officers in Canada, 322- La Corne Saint Luc, 322 - Plan

of Burgoyne's campaign, 322 - Saint Leger, 322 — Germain wishes to re-

move General Howe, 323 -- General Howe supported by the king, 323

Privateers, 323-Finances of the United States, 323 Finances of Eng-

land, 324 — Archbishop of York, 324 — Edmund Burke, 324 — Earl of

Abingdon, 324 - Fox, 324 Hartley, 324 Chatham, 325 Chatham's

advice rejected, 325 - Employment of Indians, 325 - Letter of Tryon, 326.

AMERICA BEFORE THE OPENING OF THE CAMPAIGN. March— May

1777.

General Howe changes his views, 327- Interposition of Lee, 327-

His request to congress, 328- His request refused, 328 — Exchange of

prisoners, 328-Attempts to negotiate with Washington, 329- The

overture rejected, 330 Lee again appeals to congress, 330— Lee's

treason, 330 His plan, 331 What was thought of Lee in Europe, 331

The Howes at variance with Germain, 331 — Their new instructions,

332 — Their reply, 332 — Demand for reënforcements, 332 — Reply of

Germain, 332 — Germain's disingenuousness, 333 — Final plan of General

Howe, 333 His letter to Carleton, 333 — Indian alliances, 334
- - Brit-

ish troops at Amboy, 334- Weakness of Washington's army, 334-

Washington advises a draft, 334 — Militia of New England, 335 Reed's

disingenuousness, 335- Alexander Hamilton, 335- Discontent of Arnold,

335 Stark, slighted, retires, 335 Congress and Gates, 336- Discon-

tent of Washington's generals, 336 - Crowd of foreign adventurers, 337

Merit of Kosciuszko, 337 - Greene at Philadelphia, 337 — Helplessness

of congress, 338-Interference in Philadelphia, 338 Clinton on the

Hudson, 338 — Rivalry of Schuyler and Gates, 338 — Intrigues of Gates,

339 Complaints of Schuyler, 339 — Gates in an independent command,

339 His importunity with congress, 339 - Direction to Washington, 339

Washington's opinion of Fort Independence, 340 — Schuyler, Gates,

and congress, 340-Gates asks for cavalry, 341 His insubordination,

341 His petulance towards Washington, 341 Appeals to congress

against Washington, 341 - Removed from his command, 341

and Ticonderoga, 341 Command of the northern department given to

Schuyler, 342 — Success in the defence of Ticonderoga impossible, 342

-Gates's intrigues, 342-Patriotism of Washington, 343 - Injustice of

members of congress, 343- Impatience of Samuel Adams, 343 - Conduct

of Washington, 343.

CHAPTER XX.

Schuyler

THE BRITISH EVACUATE NEW JERSEY. March-July, 1777.

Movements of Howe, 345-Lincoln surprised, 346-Expedition to
Danbury, 346-Danbury burned, 346- Courage of Wooster, 347 — Of

f

Arnold, 347 — Retreat of the British, 347 —— They reëmbark, 348 — Con-

gress reward Arnold, 348 — Meigs at Sag Harbor, 348 His success, 349

Vengeful spirit of Germain, 349 — Orders to distress and destroy, 350

-Howe and Lord North, 350-Howe's dilatoriness, 351-Washington

at Middlebrook, 351-Howe prepares to march on Philadelphia, 351–

Sullivan retreats, 352 — Not pursued, 352— The flag of the United States,

352 Washington out-generals Howe, 352 - Samuel Adams blames

Washington, 353-He defends himself, 353-Howe returns to Bruns-

wick, 354-Heister suffers on the retreat, 354 - Morgan attacks Corn-

wallis, 355- The British reach Amboy, 355 - Washington at Quibble

town, 355 — Howe marches out again, 355 — Skirmish with Stirling, 356

-Stirling repulsed with loss, 356- Washington retires to Middlebrook,

356 - Return of the British to Staten Island, 356- New Jersey evacu-

ated, 356 — Toryism in Philadelphia, 357 — Congress celebrates the fourth

of July, 357 — Howe prepares to embark his army, 357- Capture of

Prescott in Rhode Island, 358.

CHAPTER XXI.

THE ADVANCE OF BURGOYNE FROM CANADA. May-July 7, 1777.

The winter in Canada, 359— Riedesel on employing Indians, 359

Brant and the Mohawks, 359 — Speech of Gates to the Mohawks, 360

Vermont declares independence, 360 - Its independence opposed by con-

gress, 361
Advice of Gates to Saint Clair, 361 Schuyler at Ticon-

deroga, 361 — Burgoyne at Quebec, 361 — Anger of Carleton, 362–

Burgoyne's preparations, 362-Diversion by way of Lake Ontario, 362

The first scalps, 362- Burgoyne meets a congress of Indians, 362

His speech, 363- His regulations about scalping, 364 — Answer of an

Indian chief, 364- Burgoyne's speech condemned by Burke, 365 — And

by Fox, 365 — Defended by Suffolk, 365 Condemned by Chatham, 365

Burgoyne's excuse, 365 His proclamation, 365- His threats against

New England, 365- Saint Clair self-deceived, 366-Ticonderoga nearly

invested, 366 Saint Clair retreats, 366 Pursuit of Saint Clair, 367 -

Movement of Burgoyne, 367- His report and his fame, 367.

CHAPTER XXII.

PROGRESS OF THE CAMPAIGN IN THE NORTH. July-August 21,

1777.

Vermont convention, 368― Their new constitution, 368 — Slavery, 369

- Their calls for aid, 369-Battle of Hubbardton, 369— Riedesel comes

to the rescue, 369 — Heroic death of Francis, 369-Losses on both sides,

370 - The British at Fort Ann, 370 — A thanksgiving, 370 — Carleton

refuses to garrison Ticonderoga, 370 — Burgoyne's mistake in the choice

of road, 371 — His opinion of the Indians, 371 — He resolves to use them,

371 — Murder of Jane MacCrea, 371-Burgoyne forgives the assassin,

372- Public opinion against Schuyler, 372- He blames Saint Clair un-

reasonably, 372-His want of military talent, 372-Clinton first gov-

ernor of New York, 372. Schuyler and New England, 373 — Schuyler

retreats, 373 Condition of the state of New York, 373 Watchfulness

of Washington, 374 — He sends generals to the north, 374— And troops,

374- He writes to New England, 374 - And to Schuyler, 375 — And

to the council of New York, 375 — Schuyler despondent, 375 — Expects

Burgoyne at Albany, 376 — Germain and the king on employing Indians,

376 Saint Leger sent against Fort Stanwix, 377- His force chiefly In-

dians, 377 Strength of Fort Stanwix, 378 — Advance of Herkimer, 378

- Indians go out against him, 378 - Herkimer's party in an ambush, 378

-They fight, 379- Herkimer wounded, 379
Herkimer wounded, 379 — Spencer killed, 379–

Losses, 379 Sally of Willett, 380 Their spoils, 380 — Indians per-

mitted to kill their captives, 380 — Willett and Stockwell, 380 — Advance

of Arnold, 380 — The Indians retreat, 381 — Flight of Saint Leger, 381 —

Honors to Herkimer, 381 Character of the Indian allies, 381 - The

Seneca warriors at home, 382-Burgoyne and the Indians, 382 — Bur-

goyne takes a pledge of them to remain, 383 - Fixes his time for arriving

at Albany, 383 — Baum sent to Bennington, 383 — His orders, 383 –

Breymann sent to his support, 384 — Movement of New Hampshire, 384

-Troops under Stark, 384 Stark surrounds Baum, 384 - They fight

at Bennington, 385 Baum's party surrenders, 385 — Breymann comes

up, 385 — A new fight, 385-Losses, 385 Courage of the Americans

at Bennington, 386-Dismay in Burgoyne's camp, 386 Schuyler re-

moved, 386 — Condition of the northern department, 386 Congress

lavishes favors on Gates, 387.

CHAPTER XXIII.

SIR WILLIAM HOWE TAKES PHILADELPHIA. August-September 26,

1777.

Washington not superseded, 388- Congress interferes with the com-
missary department, 388 — The politics of congress, 389 — Appointment
of general officers, 389 — Kalb and Lafayette, 389 — Sullivan's miscon-
duct, 390 Consequent loss to Washington's army, 390 Howe embarks
for Philadelphia, 391— He enters the Chesapeake, 391 — Opinions of
John Adams, 391-Strength of Howe's army, 392-Disaffection in
Maryland and Delaware, 392 — Pennsylvania does not rise, 392— Wash-
ington's force, 393- Foreigners with Washington, 393- Washington

marches through Philadelphia, 393 — Encamps beyond Wilmington, 393

Howe begins to advance, 394 Skirmishers, 394 -Feint at Milltown,

394-Washington's movement, 394— He sends his baggage to Chester,

394-Prepares to dispute the passage of the Brandywine, 395 — Kny-

phausen at Chad's ford, 395 — Washington prepares to attack him, 395

Disobedience of Sullivan, 396 — Consequence, 396 Blunder of Sul-

livan, 396 — He attempts to repair it, 397 His division attacked, 397

"Rout of the American right wing, 397 Washington comes to the res-

cue, 398
- Arrests the pursuit, 398 — British cross Chad's ford, 398

Final encounter, 399 - Washington's army at Chester, 399-Losses, 399

— Loss of the British, 400 — Spirit of congress, 400 - Pennsylvania fac-

tions, 401 — Negro slaves side with the British, 401 Washington

marches against the British, 401 - Panic in Philadelphia, 401 Wash-

ington crosses the Schuylkill, 402 - Rashness of Wayne, 402 - John

Adams blames Washington, 402 -Howe crosses the Schuylkill, 403-

Orders sent to Putnam, 403-And to Gates, 403 - The British army

take Philadelphia, 404 — Effect of the campaign, 404.

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE CAPITULATION OF BURGOYNE. August 19 October 20, 1777.

Gates in command of the northern army, 405 — Charge of Chief Jus-

tice Jay, 406 — Gates at Stillwater, 406 His strength, 407- His char-

acter, 407 — Arnold, 407 — March of Burgoyne, 407—He crosses the

Hudson, 408 — Brown's expedition against Ticonderoga, 408 — His suc-

cess, 408- Burgoyne advances, 408- Battle of Freeman's farm, 409

Good conduct of the Americans, 410-They fight till sundown, 410

Small losses of the Americans, 411 -Loss of the British, 411-Bur-

goyne's dangerous encampment, 411 Advice of Arnold, 411 Gates

timid, 412 — Messages from Clinton, 412 Clinton moves against Putnam,

412 — Sagacity of Governor Clinton, 413 — Mistakes of Putnam, 413

Capture of Forts Clinton and Montgomery, 413 — The British gain the

mastery of the Hudson river, 413 — Alarming letter from Putnam, 414 –

Kingston burned down, 414 - Perplexity of Burgoyne, 414
Gates re-

enforced, 414-The Indians, 414 - Burgoyne's council, 415- He ad-

vances, 415 — Strength of his party, 415 Attacked by the Americans,

416- His party routed, 416-Fraser wounded, 416- Flight of the

British, 416 Total loss of the British artillery, 417-Unwise attack by

Arnold, 417 — Good conduct of Brooks, 417 — Breymann's camp taken,

417- Gates not present in the battle, 418- By whom the battle was

rought, 418 — Desperate condition of Burgoyne, 418 — Death of Fraser,

His burial, 418 Retreat of Burgoyne, 419- Burgoyne invested,

418

420

Retreat of Burgoyne, 419

Capitulation, 420 — Amount of his losses, 420 — Causes of the re-

sult, 421 — What Gates should have done, 421.