Cleveland is the largest manufacturing center in Ohio, and the second on the Great Lakes. The most important group of manufactures are iron and steel and the industries dependent upon iron and steel as their raw material, such as automobiles, wire, wire nails, hardware, and bridges. Cleveland also has extensive meat packing establishments.

Shipbuilding.-From early times Cleveland led in the construction of wooden vessels for the Great Lakes, and to-day produces more steel merchant vessels than any city on the Great Lakes.

Communication.-The Ohio Canal, connecting Lake Erie with the Ohio River, whose northern terminus is the Cuyahoga River, gave Cleveland good water communication with the interior of Ohio before the development of railroads. The canal is of little importance now, but its place has been supplied by a network of railroads, including the Pennsylvania system and several of the Vanderbilt lines.

Radio. There is a radio station at Cleveland, the call letters of which are N. R. H. A continuous watch is maintained.

Commerce. The bulk of the lake traffic consists of coal, coke, and iron. In 1919, 10,474 vessels of 14,741,169 tonnage entered and cleared.

Cleveland dumping grounds.-The eastern dumping ground at Cleveland, marked by a black spar buoy, is located 44° (NE. † E.) 6 miles from the main entrance, and is about 2 miles out from shore. Intake crib.-The outer waterworks intake crib is 3 miles 325° (NNW. W.) from the main entrance.

Light.-An occulting white light, 55. feet above water, visible 13 miles, is shown from a square, gray house on the intake crib.

Fog signal is made by an automatic fog bell.

Old intake crib, 11 miles west of the main entrance, was removed to a depth of 30 feet in 1919.

Harbor. The harbor of Cleveland consists of two distinct partsthe outer harbor, which has been improved by and is under the control of the United States, and the inner harbor, which is maintained and controlled by the city of Cleveland, made up of Cuyahoga River, Old River Bed, and connecting slips.

The outer harbor, with an area of about 1,300 acres, has been created by the construction of breakwaters located approximately parallel to and 3,000 to 4,000 feet distant from the natural shore line. It is closed at its westerly end by an arm connecting the main breakwater with the shore. Its total length is about 5 miles. The width over the westerly 2 miles is limited to 1,700 feet by established harbor lines, behind which extensive filling has been done. East of East Ninth Street a harbor line has been established 2,000 feet shoreward

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from the breakwater and extending to East Twenty-sixth Street. The available width east of the latter is about 2,500 feet. No extensive filling has been done.

Originally the harbor of Cleveland was confined to the Cuyahoga River, which then connected with the lake about 700 feet farther west than at present, and its mouth was obstructed by a low, flat bar on which the depth was only 3 or 4 feet, although after passing the bar there was a depth of 13 feet in the river.

Breakwaters.-The west breakwater extends 232° (SW. by W.) for 4,030 feet from the entrance, which is directly in line with the jettied channel, thence nearly due south 3,100 feet to the shore at the east end of Edgewater Park. An opening 201 feet wide and 15 feet deep has been left in the shore arm 1,300 feet southerly from the angle. This breakwater is of stone-filled timber-crib construction, and outside of the harbor line has been rebuilt with a concrete superstructure.

The east breakwater extends from the entrance, which is 700 feet in width, 52° (NE. by E. § E.) for about 21,270 feet. The westerly 3,300 feet (old portion) of this breakwater is of stone-filled timbercrib construction, 1,562 feet of which is built with a stone superstructure; the remainder of the breakwater is rubble mound. At a point 200 feet west of the entrance, and also at the extreme west end of the east breakwater, spurs 100 feet in length extend outward at right angles. The west spur is submerged to a depth of from 4 to 8 feet and the east spur to a depth of from 1 to 11 feet for its outer 50 feet.

Entrance. The entrance formed by the opening between the breakwaters above described is protected by additional breakwater arms, each 1,250 feet in length, which start from either breakwater at points 700 feet from the entrance and converge outward to pierheads, 700 feet apart, which mark the main entrance, 1,000 feet lakeward from the main breakwaters. These arms are of rubble-mound construction and the pierheads are stone-filled timber cribs with concrete superstructure.

Piers. The pier on the west side of the channel begins 91 feet north of the New York Central Railroad bridge and is 1,440 feet long, all beyond the shore line; it has a concrete superstructure which is occupied by the coast-guard station and lighthouse. The east pier is 1,530 feet long beyond the New York Central Railroad bridge, and all except the outer 322 feet, which extends beyond the shore line and is of similar construction to the west pier, is used and controlled by the railroad companies for dock and freight purposes. The piers bear 330° (NNW. W.) and are 325 feet apart. The outer ends of the piers are 1,350 feet southerly from the line of the breakwaters.

Basins. The basin formed by the west breakwater was dredged to a depth of 23 feet in 1907 but has since shoaled materially. The portion of the basin used by vessels approaching the Pennsylvania Co.'s ore docks was redredged in 1916 to a depth of 21 feet. Elsewhere 19 feet is generally available.

In the east basin a depth of 21 feet is available between the main entrance and East Ninth Street, except within 400 feet of the breakwater, and also over a narrow area parallel to and 600 feet northerly from the harbor line extending westerly about 2,500 feet from opposite East Ninth Street, where the least depth is about 18 feet. From East Ninth Street to the east end of the harbor the depth varies from 19 to 34 feet over a width of 2,500 feet, measured inshore from the line of the breakwater.

The anchorage provided by the breakwater basins has a sandy bottom. Vessels should not moor to the old east breakwater.

About one-half of the frontage in the west basin has been developed by the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. as an ore-handling plant. There are three private docks in the east basin, with slips 700 feet by 150 feet and 19 feet deep, equipped with car dumps and other facilities for loading coal. A Government wharf has been built at the foot of East Ninth Street, and the city of Cleveland owns two piers in this. vicinity, one of which is leased by the Detroit & Cleveland Navigation Co. and the Cleveland and Buffalo Transit Co. for a terminal. A lumber wharf and a plant for building concrete boats are located at the foot of East Fortieth Street.

Future improvements.-The east basin is to be deepened and a pierhead will be built on the east end of the east breakwater.

Channels. The entrance channel is 28 feet deep between the pierheads at the outer entrance, decreasing to 20 feet at the line of the breakwaters, and continues with a controlling depth of 20 feet up to the New York Central Railroad bridge. The width at the entrance is 700 feet and between the piers 325 feet up to the New York Central Railroad bridge, where it narrows to from 130 to 160 feet, again widening above the bridge.

Cuyahoga River and Old River bed. The Cuyahoga River and its original bed, now known as the "Old River," provide Cleveland with safe and extensive, if not altogether convenient, harbor facilities for commercial purposes. These streams average about 200 feet in width, and have been so improved by the city and other corporations that, including the private slips, a total dock frontage of nearly 13 miles has been provided. The city intends to maintain a depth of 20 feet in the Old River and in the Cuyahoga River. A winding basin 14 feet deep and 700 feet wide has been provided at the State canal weigh lock. The city has extended the 20-foot channel to a point 1,100 feet above the second Wheeling & Lake Erie Railroad bridge,

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about 5 miles above the lake. A plan has been adopted under which it is expected that work will be steadily prosecuted for straightening and deepening the river for a further distance of about 11⁄2 miles.

Practically the whole frontage above described has been improved by the construction of wharves and docks, many of which are equipped with the most modern appliances for the rapid loading and unloading of vessels.

Dry docks. The American Shipbuilding Co. has extensive works on the Old River, with three dry docks of the following available dimensions:

East Entrance Light.-An occulting white light, 59 feet above water, visible 15 miles, is shown from a white skeleton tower on the northeastern side of the east breakwater.

A fog signal is made by an air diaphone.

A submarine cable extends from this light to a point on the opposite shore. Vessels are cautioned not to anchor near the cable. Cleveland East Pierhead Light, group flashing white, 39 feet above water, visible 13 miles, is shown from a white conical tower on outer pierhead at the outer entrance.

West Pierhead Light, alternating flashing white and red, 63 feet above water, visible 16 miles, is shown from a white conical tower on outer pierhead at the outer entrance.

East Breakwater Light, group flashing white, 38 feet above water, visible 12 miles, is shown from a white square tower on the western end of the east breakwater at the breakwater entrance.

West Breakwater Light, group flashing red, 55 feet above water, visible 10 miles, is shown from a brown and white tower on the eastern end of the west breakwater at the breakwater entrance.

East Pier Light, flashing white, 36 feet above water, visible 10. miles, is shown from a square gray tower on the outer end of the East Pier at the inner harbor entrance.

West Pier Light, flashing red, 36 feet above water, visible £ miles, is shown from a white skeleton tower on the outer end of the West Pier.

A Coast Guard station is located on the West Pier.

Storm warnings.-Day and night signals are displayed from a steel tower on the East Pier near its outer end opposite the Coast Guard station.

Radiotelegraph station is operated all the year by the United States Navy; call letters NRH; working distance, 300 miles.