262 CUYAHOGA RIVER-BRIDGE LIGHTS-TIME. BALL. Note.-New Detroit-Superior Viaduct (No. 6), Central Viaduct (No. 14), and Clark Avenue Viaduct (No. 22) are not drawbridges, but each has a fixed span across the channel. Whistle signals for opening draws, derived from city regulations published below (see sections 1359 and 1869-1879), are here indicated by numbers corresponding to those used to designate the bridges in the above table: Nos. 4 to 23: 1 long, 2 short, 1 long ( Nos. 24 and 25: 1 long, 1 short, 1 long, 1 short ( -). Bridge lights marking the various bridges are here given in the same numerical order as the bridges appear in the above table. No. 1. Three lights, in center and one on each end, showing red to boats when bridge is closed and green when open; five red lights mark channel, two on east bank on each corner of abutment, and three on west side on each end of pier underneath bridge in center. No. 2. Red light on each end of each abutment; red light on each side of center pier below center line of bridge; red light on each end of center pier protection; three lights, one at each end and one at center and all above top of bridge, showing red when bridge is closed and green when open. No. 3. Red light at bottom and near end of east approach span; two red lights on east or channel side of center pier below bridge, one upstream and one downstream; six red lights on swing span, one upstream and one downstream at each end (on the lower chord) and at center of bridge (near the upper chord), all. showing red when bridge is closed and green when open. No. 4. Red light on each end of west abutment, about 11 feet above water; red light on each end of protection piling around east abutment, about 5 feet above water; red light on end of lift span, which changes to green when bridge is fully open. No. 5. Red light on each side of east abutment; red light at each end of protection to center pier; three lights above bridge, one at each end and one at middle, showing red when bridge is closed and green when open. No. 7. Red light at each end of both pivot pier protections; three lights on each swing span, located one at each end and one in middle above top of bridge, showing red when the bridge is closed and green when open. No. 8. Two red lights on each abutment, one upstream and one downstream; two lights at free end of lift span, one upstream and one downstream, showing red when bridge is closed and green when open. No. 9. Same as No. 8, preceding. No. 10. Same as No. 2, above. No. 11. Red lights at each end of each abutment; two lights at free end of each lift span, one upstream and one downstream, showing red when bridge is closed and green when open. No. 12. Same as No. 2, above. No. 13. Red light on east side of old channel above engine room, displayed when draw is about to be opened; light at each corner of free end, showing red when closed and green when open. No. 14. Two green lights suspended from bottom of bridge in midchannel, one upstream and one downstream; two red lights near each end of bridge, suspended from bottom of bridge at limit of full vertical clearance, one upstream and one downstream. No. 15. Same as No. 2, above. No. 16. Red light above west end of bridge, raised when bridge is about to open; red light on upstream corner of free end and one opposite it on approach to serve for range lights for engineer. No. 17. Same as No. 8, above. No. 23. White light and red light on bridge in front of engine room, and the same about 30 feet above, white displayed when bridge is closed and red when bridge is about to open; red light on each corner of bridge; red light on each corner of each abutment. No. 24. Red light on each corner of each abutment; light on each corner of free end of bridge, showing red when bridge is down and green when open. No. 25. Same as No. 6, above. City regulations affecting navigation.-On or before arrival masters of vessels should obtain a copy of the city regulations affecting navigation, and carefully comply with them. Time ball. The time ball is dropped by the branch hydrographic office at noon every day (Sundays and holidays excepted) from the flagstaff on top of the Arcade Building. The ball is hoisted five minutes before noon, central standard time, ninetieth meridian, and is dropped exactly at noon. Should the ball be dropped before the exact instant at noon it will be hoisted immediately and kept up until five minutes after noon (12h. 5m.) and then lowered slowly. Should the ball fail to drop exactly at noon it will be kept mastheaded until five minutes after noon (12h. 5m.) and then lowered slowly. 264 OHIO CANAL-MUSKINGUM RIVER. Season of navigation. The average date of the season of navigation is as follows: Opening March 23, closing December 23. Ohio Canal. The northern division of the Ohio Canal connects with the Cuyahoga River 43 miles above the lake and extends to Dresden on the Muskingum River, a distance of 149 miles. The original canal had a minimum width of 40 feet at the surface and 26 feet at the bottom, with a depth of 4 feet. The lock chambers were 90 feet long and 15 feet wide, and the controlling depth on the miter sills 4 feet. From Cleveland to Portage Summit, 35 miles from the Cuyahoga River and 395 feet above Lake Erie (at elevation 573 feet above mean sea level), there are 42 locks; from Portage Summit to Dresden there are 31 locks, with a fall of 238 feet. At Dresden access to the Muskingum River is afforded by a flight of three locks, with a fall of 30 feet. Project Improvement.-The State of Ohio in 1905 initiated work under a project for the rehabilitation of the northern division of this canal by increasing the minimum width to 50 feet at the water line and 30 feet at the bottom, and the depth to 5 feet, and also rebuilding locks, aqueducts, dams, etc. The canal, if finished according to this plan, would admit the passage of boats 82 feet long, 14 feet beam, drawing 4 feet of water. To the present time work has been completed from Cleveland to Newcomerstown, a distance of 116 miles, or to within 331⁄2 miles northerly from Dresden. The floods of 1913 damaged the canal to such an extent that the following conditions obtained: From Cleveland to Brecksville, 17 miles, the canal was intact; Brecksville to Akron, 16 miles, practically destroyed; Akron to Massillon, 21 miles, good water; Massillon to Zoar, 18 miles, no water; Zoar to 1 mile below Canal Dover, 11 miles, good water; the next 42 miles, no water; the next 24 miles to Dresden, a fair supply of water. Muskingum River. From Dresden to the mouth of Muskingum River at Marietta, on the Ohio River, the distance is 91 miles, with a fall of 154 feet. This section of the river has been improved for slack-water navigation by 11 locks, having 159 feet minimum available length, 36 feet width, and 6 feet depth over the miter sills. The minimum depth for the waterway is about 5.5 feet and the improvement is in good condition. CHAPTER XI. LAKE ERIE CLEVELAND TO THE DETROIT RIVER. Cleveland to Lorain, Ohio.-From Cleveland the coast line is irregular and has a generally westerly trend to Avon Point, a broad rounding point projecting somewhat to northward about 15 miles from the Cleveland entrance. Rocky River.-The entrance to Rocky River, about 61⁄2 miles west from the Cleveland Harbor entrance, is marked by a black light buoy, showing a flashing white light, moored in about 30 feet of water. Rocky River Pierhead Light, a fixed white light, 10 feet above water, visible about 2 miles, is shown from a conical structure on the crib at the outer end of the submerged pier at Rocky River. It is maintained from May 1 to November 1 of each year by the Cleveland Yacht Club. The coast from Avon Point to Lorain, about 10 miles distant, is regular and bears about west-southwest. The shoal between Cleveland and Lorain extends about 1,200 yards offshore. Lorain, at the mouth of the Black River, 25 miles west of Cleveland, has a population of 37,300. Communication.-Several steamer lines connect Lorain with all the ports of the Great Lakes, and four railroads furnish communiIcation with the interior. Trade. The important industries of Lorain are steel works, foundries, and stove works. The exports are coal, lumber, iron ore, and grain. Harbor. This port comprises the lower 3 miles of Black River and an outer harbor of about 60 acres, protected by breakwaters. Originally the depth of water over the bar at the mouth of this river was about 3 feet, above which the natural channel had depths of 8 to 13 feet for about 3 miles upstream. Breakwaters.-The breakwaters are marked at their outer ends by pierheads located 500 feet apart and 1,800 feet outside of the inner entrance. The pierheads are stone-filled timber cribs with concrete superstructure. The west breakwater extends due south 3,300 feet, and the east breakwater extends 104° (ESE. E.) 2,300 feet; both are of the rubble-mound type. Piers. The west side of the jettied channel is outlined by the ore docks of the Cleveland, Lorain & Wheeling Railway Co. (Baltimore 266 LORAIN -OUTER HARBOR-TERMINAL FACILITIES. & Ohio System), and by a concrete pier extending out 1,004 feet beyond the railroad dock. A concrete pier 1,760 feet in length, all beyond the shore line, marks the east side of the channel. The piers are parallel, 300 feet apart, and bear 317° (NW. N.) at the outer ends, except that the outer 250 feet of the west pier bears 316° (NW. N.). Outer harbor-Entrance and inner channels.-Between the breakwater pierheads the depth is 24 feet and the width is 500 feet; thence the depth decreases to 20 feet at the outer ends of the piers. The area under shelter of the breakwaters outside of the entrance channel ranges from 16 to 18 feet. The jettied channel is 300 feet wide, with bottom mostly of shale rock, and from the inner end of the piers to Erie Avenue Bridge the width is 265 feet between the docks. The depth of 20 feet is available throughout the channel. Turning basin.-Above Erie, Avenue Bridge the city of Lorain maintains a channel 120 to 200 feet wide with an available depth of 20 feet up to the turning basin, 3 miles above the entrance. This upper channel is quite crooked, and large vessels usually require the services of tugs. This turning basin is of ample size for the largest vessels. Terminal facilities.-Two coal-loading machines are located on the west side of the river, one immediately below the Erie Avenue Bridge and one above the New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad Bridge. Ore-handling plants are located on the west side of the river near the entrance and at the plant of the National Tube Co. at the turning basin. Dry docks. The American Shipbuilding Co. operates two dry docks having the following dimensions. East Breakwater Light, group flashing red, 37 feet above water, visible 9 miles, is shown from a white skeleton tower on the western end of the east breakwater. West Breakwater Light, occulting white, 58 feet above water, visible 15 miles, is shown from a square tower on the northern end of the west breakwater. A fog signal is made on an air diaphone. |