That the good archbishop did not want credulity in other inftances appears from this, that, after having ftocked the bottoms of the lakes with birds, he ftores the clouds with mice, which fometimes fall in plentiful fhowers on Norway and the neigh bouring countriest.

Some of our countrymen have giv. en credit to the fubmerfion of fwallows; and Klein patronifes the doctrine ftrongly, giving the following hiftory of their manner of retiring, which he received from fome countrymen and others. They afferted, that fometimes the fwallows affembled in numbers on a reed till it broke and funk with them; and their immerfion was preluded by a dirge of a quarter of an hour's length; that others would unite in laying hold of a ftraw with their bills, and fo plunge down in fociety. Others, again, would form a large mafs by clinging together with their feet, and fo commit themselves to the deep §.

Such are the relations given by thofe who are fond of this opinion; and, though delivered without exaggeration, muft provoke a fmile. They account not for thefe birds being able to endure fo long a fubmerfion without being fuffocated, or without

decaying, in an element fo unnatural to fo delicate a bird; when we know that the otter, the corvorant, and the grebes, foon perish if caught under ice, or entangled in nets: 2nd it is well known, that those animals will continue much longer under water than any others to whom Nature hath denied that particular structure of the heart, neceffary for a long refidence beneath that element.

Though entirely convinced in our own mind of the impoffibility of these relations, yet defirous of firengthening our opinion with fome better authorities, we applied to that able anatomift, Mr John Hunter, who was fo obliging as to inform us, that he had diffected many fwallows, but found nothing in them different from. other birds as to the organs of refpiration; that all those animals which he had diffected of the clafs that fleep during Winter, fuch as lizards, frogs, &c. had a very different conforma tion as to those organs; that all these animals, he believes, do breathe in their torpid ftate; and, as far as his experience reaches, he knows they do; and, that therefore he esteems it a very wild opinion, that terrestrial animals can remain any long time under water without drowning.

that leads to happinefs and ho nour. If this path is miffed at fetting out, it is very difficult to recover it; it is therefore of great confequence to be directed into it at firft; and though I hope you will be long under the protection and guidance of parents in whom there is all that can be wifhed in the relation, yet I fhall give you a few plain inftructions, which I hope will affift - you

Derham and Hildrop.

you n fulfilling your duty to them, in obtaining the good-will of others, and promoting your own welfare.

As my affection to you firft led me to this defign, my knowledge of your capacity encouraged me to purfue it. Do not imagine that I think you inclined to all the faults and follies that I fhall warn you against, but you must remember, that all men have faults and follies, and that to caution perfons while they are innocent, may prevent the fhame and anguith of being reproved or upbraided after they are guilty.

Great part of the happiness of every individual depends upon the opinion and actions of others: it is therefore defirable to gain and to preferve the good-will of all: nor would I have you think any perfon either fo mean in their ftate of life, or fo undeferving in their character, as that their good-will is of no confequence to you. Every one who thinks you love them will love you; for this reafon be always ready to faow your good will to all, by such acts of friendship as are in your power, ftill taking care to avoid a partiality which may lead you to do any thing in favour of one perfon at the expence of another, or of yourfelf.

There are many acts of friendship. to mankind in general, which are neither difficult, troublefome, nor expenfive: the principal of thefe is fpeaking well, or at least not speaking ill, of the absent.

If you fee a fault in another, don't make it the fubject of converfation; hide it with as much care as if it was your own. Do not think your felf juftified by faying that what you report to another's difadvantage is true if all the failings which are true of the best of us were to be told to cur dearest friend, perhaps all our virtues could fcarce fecure his efteem. But this rule must not extend to the concealing any thing by which anoher may be injured in his property

or character, if by revealing it the evil may be prevented; and this is the only inftance in which you are allowed to speak of the faults of others.

Be always punctual in returning what the world calls civilities. The failing in this, however trifling, is of ten taken for contempt, or at least for want of esteem; and I have known' the omitting to return a vifit, or to anfwer a letter in due time, attended with coldnefs, indifference, and worfe confequences. That perfons ought not to fet fuch a value on these trifles is true; but if they do, it behoves us to act as if they ought: however, as the refenting a breach of these punctilios is really a fault, take care that you are not betrayed into it. Let it be a rule with you, never to refent any thing that was not intended as an affront; mere negligences fhould be below your refentment; though, for the fake of the infirmities of others, you fhould guard against them in yourfelf.

There are two ways of gaining the good-will of the world, which weak people practise because they know no other; one is flattery, the other is lavish profeffions of friendfhip, which begin and end on the lips. Never ftoop to either of these low and infamous arts; whatever is thus gained is bought too dear. To refrain from this fault is easy, but to guard against the ill effects of it in others difficult; it is not, however, more difficult than neceffary. Always fufpect that a perfon who commends you to your face endeavours to gain a confidence that intends to betray. Remember that whoever makes profeffions of friendship which are not merited, is an hypocrite; and beware that your own vanity does not encourage you to think that you have merited uncommon and exceffive inftances of favour and zeal to ferve you.

But the conftant fteady esteem and

friend

probably do you more harm, than any thing which may be thus difcovered can do you good. If your mama fhould delegate part of her authority to you in the management of the household affairs, ufe it with moderation, and give orders to the maid rather in her name than your own; you will then be obeyed without feeming to affume a command, or to value yourfelf upon it.

If your papa or mama fhould at any time exprefs a disapprobation of your conduct, immediately refolve to amend it, apologize for the paft, and promife for the future: never feem in hafte to juftify yourself; and though you should imagine their difpleafure unmerited, in which it is a thousand to one but you will be mistaken, yet be fure to avoid all pert and felf-fufficient replies on the one hand, and on the other fallen looks and dumb refentment. If it fhould happen that an harsh expreffion escapes them when their temper is ruffled by the perplexing accidents and disappointments of business, as it would be the highest ingratitude and indecency in you to exprefs impatience and difcontent, fo, as the reward of a contrary conduct, their own reflections upon what is past when the mind is calm will be in your favour, and their affection will feek an opportunity of compenfating your uneafinefs. You should regard thefe accidents as opportunities of endearing yourself to them, and as tefts of your prudence, duty, and af. fection.

What may not children expect from a father who is a friend to the whole circle of his acquaintance? It is your happiness to have fuch a father; think yourself secure of every thing that is fit for you in his affec. tion, and do not anticipate his bounty by requests: the pleasure of both will be leffened if you receive because you afk, and if he gives because he cannot deny you. How

very fhameful then is the common triumph of favourites for having gained by importunity what is denied to merit, and withheld by prudence! Whatever is thus gained from the hand is loft in the heart. I have feen with grief and refentment every tender moment watched, to urge a request, and wreft a promife, from the generous weaknefs of unguarded affection. How mean and felfish is fuch a practice? Remember that a noble mind will difpofe a perfon to fuffer much, rather than afk a favour which he knows cannot be refused, if he thinks that his friend may notwithstanding have reafon to wish it had not been asked.

I fhall finish this long letter with a note of yet higher importance.

If you fucceed in every defign which you form, and the world gives you 'till its utmost bounty is exhausted, your happiness will still be imperfect, you will find fome defire unfatisfied, and your poffeffion will never fill your wishes.

But do not suffer the present hour to pafs away unenjoyed by an earnett and anxious defire of fome future good; for if this weakness is indulg ed, your happiness will ftill fly from you as you pursue it, and there will be the fame diftance between you and the object of your wishes, till all the vifions of imagination fhall vanish, and your progrefs to further degrees of temporal advantage fhall be ftopped by the grave.

It is notwithstanding true, that the expectation of future good, if the object is worthy of a rational defire, pleafes more than any prefent enjoy. ment. You will therefore find that a well-grounded hope of Heaven will give a relish to whatever you shall poffefs upon earth. If there is no time to come that we can anticipate with pleasure. we regret every moment that paffes; we fee that time is flying away with all our enjoyments; that youth is fhort, health precarious,

and

and age approaching, loaded with infirmities to which death only can put an end: for this reafon ftrive to fecure an intereft in the favour of God, which will enfure to you an everlaft ing life of uninterrupted and inconceivable felicity. Nor is this a difficult or an unpleafing attempt; no real prefent happinefs need to be forfeited to purchase the future, for virtue and piety at once fecure every good of body and mind both in time and eternity.

fail to understand now; and I would recommend the frequent perufal of this letter, that you may at length comprehend the whole; for as the world opens to you, you will fee the reafon and the ufe of other parts; and if they affift you in any degree to pass through life with fafety and reputation, I fhall think my labour well beftowed.

I am, dear Mifs,

Your affectionate friend,

JOHN HAWKESWORTH.

The

cifion and order which characterifes all his works, is alfo nighly confpicuous in thofe defcriptions. confufed appellations which had till then prevailed with regard to many plants were now deftroyed; he affigned to every plant its real rank, its pharmaceutical and botanical names, the fynonymes or bye-names given by the ancients, its native foil and properties, and an exact defcription of its fanative virtues.

The genius which feemed fo entirely created. for fyftematic order and defcription, farther difplayed its eminence in pathology, which is another branch of phyfic. The neceffity of a fyftem, of a general rule by which difeafes might be known and difcerned according to their difference and manifold variations, had frequently occurred to his penetrating mind. The late Profeffor De Sauvages, one of the best friends of Linnæus in France, published in 1739 a valuable work, which was highly embellished on fubfequent occations. But before ever Linnæus obtained any knowledge of this work, he himfelf planned a fyftematic abridgment of nofology to ferve him in his lectures, published in 1759 as an acade

mical