for these fifty years, are warmly main. tained. The ignorance of the professors in practical science is such, that there are many among them who, though they ean speak with ability on any subject in physics, are quite embarrassed on at tempting to use a pneumatic machine, or the apparatus for evolving the gases; the theory of which they can explain admirably, but cannot perform the operation. This shameful state of education is attributable to the system of despotism and oppression constantly pursued by Spain, especially in her colonies; and is a natural consequence of the exclusive title which the ecclesiastics have main tained ever since the time of the monks, of presiding over every literary establishment. Under the pretext of possessing that virtue, which it was requisite the pupils should possess, the clergy and friars have occupied all the collegial chairs, and have dexterously cultivated this powerful means of augmenting their credit and their power. At the end of each year there is a private examination before a tribunal formed of all the professors in the college, under the presidency of a chancellor; and the students cannot pass to the higher lectures without having received approbation on their advancement. The same forms are observed in the halls of theplogy; these are governed by three professors, who give each day an hour's lecture in turns: all degrees are obtained by public disputation, in the presence of a magistrate, commissioned by govern ment. Dr. Moreno soon acquired a thorough knowledge of Latin, spoke it with ease and elegance, and produced some tolerable verses in that language. He went through the higher classes with singular success. At a yearly meeting, in which were assembled the principals of all the convents in the city, young Moreno was chosen to sustain the honour of the school, in an act of conclusions in philosophy, for such this ceremony is called; and, on another occasion, he did the same in theology. lie was a most voracious reader, and his father at times found it necessary to keep books from him, out of regard to his health. His zeal for knowledge, and the talents he displayed, enabled him to form connections with literary persons of consequence, who treated him with particular distinction, and opened their libraries to him: among these was a respectable Franciscan friar, Cayetano Ro driguez, now provincial prelate of Buenos Ayres. This worthy ecclesiastic gave him access to the library of the convent, introduced him to his friends, and contributed to prepare the way for the honourable career he afterwards com menced. Dr. Moreno bad now spent eight years in study, and had reached the twentieth of his age. His father, possessed of small property, and having other children to provide for, found it difficult to furnish the money necessary to establish him in a profession. The church was the usual resource for young men of small fortune in that colony, for a military life there involved them in indigence and corrup tion. Mariano long hesitated, whether or not to take orders, as his father and mother, who were pious people, desired him. At length he decided on going to the city of La Plata, capital of the province of Chuquisaca, in Peru, in order to be made a priest. There then resided in Buenos Ayres, a rich curate of the Archiepiscopal jurisdiction of La Plata, who had come as deputy from his brethren to conduct a lawsuit against the Royal Audiencia, which had oppressed them; and, from this act of oppression, an appeal lay to the Council of the Indies in Madrid: this individual came invested with the powers of his compeers, and had at his disposal a sum of eighty thousand dollars, which had been subscribed to defray the costs of the suit; and, as the war then prevented all intercourse with Old Spain, he remained long in Buenos Ayres, fle had been present at the last conclusions which Mariano defended in the college of San Carlos; admired his talents, and took him under his protection, promising to use his influence with the prelate for his advancement. The father of Mariano, who had just been promoted to a higher situation in the tribunal of accounts, and received an advance of twelve hundred dollars a year, found means to provide the young doctor with the necessaries for his journey. On his arrival at La Plata, he found that the good curate had franked his board and lodging, in the house of his intimate friend, the canon, Dr. Mathias Terragas, to whom he gave him every kind of recommendation, and an open letter of credit. The city of La Plata is head of the province which bears the name of Cha quisica, in Peru, and is the seat of a government, an intendancy and presidency of the Royal Audiencia of the district; it is subject, in civil and judicial matters, to the authority of this local tribunal; but it acknowledges a dependence, in matters of government, on the city of Buenos Ayres, capital of the whole viceroyalty; there is an University in it, rather ancient, in which jurisprudence, theology, and philosophy are studied; but no degrees are conferred, except in the two first faculties. At this time it was the only establishment of the kind in the whole viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres, and those students who were inclined to decorate themselves with the title of Doctors, or really wanted the distinction which is necessary for the exercise of certain literary functions, had to traverse a large tract of country through roads entirely destitute of the conveniences of life, or to pass the dangerous Cordillera of the Andes, which separates Buenos Ayres from the provinces of Chilé, where there is another college less celebrated, though it is the first in point of the imperfection of its instructions. There was another establishment in Cordova, the capital of the province of Tucuman, distant two hundred and fifty leagues from Buenos Ayres, and the first among the cities of the interior; but that institution 9 so insignificant, that the students avoid it as involving the reproach of bad discipline and abandonment. It is only Since the time of the establishment of the present Junta, that this college has retrieved its credit. empirics and quacks, who infested the province, will have no successors to support their exertions, though the profes sion is lucrative and honourable. Dr. Moreno set out for Peru in the middle of November, 1799. The reader will be surprised to learn, that a road so much frequented as is that to the interior provinces, with which a continual communication is maintained for trade, as well as on government business, has been to this very day so much neglected, that there is not to be found on the whole of it, any tolerable accommodation for a traveller. The whole course of it is distributed into miserable postus, situated at great distances from each other, under the management of rude and poor Indians, who, far from being able to relieve the traveller from his fatigue on arriving, afflict him with the sight of their extreme indigence; aud, with the exception of those in the villages, on the line of communication, such as Luxan, Cordova, Santiago del Estero, Salta, and Tucuman, which are better managed; there is not one which affords either food, bed, or any thing but horses; and these, though the country abounds with them, are of a perverse description. This reprehensible neglect of a piont so interesting to the internal and external trade of the Viceroyalty, arises from this circumstance: the maintenance of the post as is an establishment belonging to the administration of the Post Office, which branch is one of the rents The protection of government has of the royal family; and hence the adoften been solicited for making the col- ministrators think of nothing but the lege of San Carlos, in Buenos Ayres, an mere transport of the mail, and for this University, but to no purpose. Indeed, purpose they have fixed, at each distance there is some inconvenience in forming of twelve and fourteen leagues, a misesuch an institution in a capital; which is, rable hut, with a small yard for the post that the bustle and corruption of large horses. Subsequently perceiving the towns are decidedly inimical to the profit that might result from supplying studies of youth. Since the military travellers with their horses on the road, efforts which the country was obliged they extended that benefit to the public to make to resist the invasion of on very moderate charges. Consequentthe English troops under Beresford ly the traveller cannot require more than and Whitelock, the young men of relays of horses, and a guide from one Buenos Ayres have lived in a state of post to another; and, if he must neces licentiousness, which was unknown be- sarily be subject to great inconvenience fore; and have been strongly tempted and privation for the space of a month to embrace a military life, which gives and a half, which is occupied in travelthem a kind of independence on their ling to Lower Peru, he suffers no less in parents, and a figure in society much the immense extent of desert plains and inore attractive than that of a poor stu- steep mountains, without any other safedent in a cloister. It is painful to see guard than that of the Indian who conthat the halls of surgery and medicine ducts him. Equal inconveniences athave suspended their lectures for want of tend the weighty convoys of money be Students, and that more than twenty prolonging to the king and to the merchants, fessors, who went out to supplant the which frequently go the same road to Buenos Buenos Ayres, and the loads of merchandise and valuable effects which are sent from that city to the interior provinces, without any other guard than the Peons who take charge of the burdens. A journey attended with such disagreeable circumstances, could not but be prejudicial to Dr. Moreno's health, which was always very precarious. Ere he had proceeded half way, he was attacked at Tucuman with a cruel disorder, which confined him fifteen days to his bed. No medical aid could be procured, for the bodies of the inhabitants of that place were entirely left to the mercy of quacks. He owed his recovery to an accident. One day when he was desperately ill, and parched with thirst, neglected by the persons who pretended to nurse him, he seized a large jug of water, which had been left within his reach; as he could not sit, he was obliged to incline the vessel over his body while he drank; his arms failed him after having swallowed a large draught, and the rest of the water flowed over his whole body. This sudden bath speedily banished the disease, which must have been some kind of fever. The reader will, no doubt, account for the phenonienon by reference to the cures performed by Dr. Currie, in cases of typhus, by cold affusion. In two months and a half from the time of his departure, he arrived at La Plata, where he was well received by the archbishop, and particularly so by the canon Terragas, who took him into his house with all the warnith of hospitality and friendship. By his intelligent manner of conducting affairs, as secretary to the see, he possessed the entire confidence of the prelate, and hence was of great service to Mariano. Though a native of Cochabamba, in Peru, he was particularly attached to the natives of Buenos Ayres, because he discovered in them a more elevated and ingenuous character than in his own countrymen, who are distinguished by their taste for intrigue, and their narrowness of mind. The city maintains itseif by the produce of the salaries of the civil officers, and by that of the archiepiscopal see, and of the other ecclesiastical dignitaries resident there. It was founded in the time of the Indians; and this country was the last conquest which the Incas had added to their empire when they were supplanted by the Spaniards. It then assumed the name of Chuquisaca, which it long preserved; and then changed it for that of City of La Plata, though among the vulgar it retains it old appellation, and the whole district of its province is called the Province of Charcas. The population may be reckon ed at 18,000 souls. Its jurisdiction has six departments; namely, Yaamparez, which comprehends 16 doctrinas, inclu ding in that number the two parishes of San Lorenzo and San Sebastian, situated within the capital; that of Tomma, with eleven villages; Pilaya and Puspaya, with seven doctrinas; Oruro, with four villages; Paria with eight, and Carangas with six. Its government has always been an object of ambition among the mis litary, because it is better endowed than. the others, and comprehends the presidency of that audiencia which determines the civil and criminal causes of the provinces of La Paz, Cochabamba, and Potosi; the others, comprehended under the viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres, being subjected to the particular jurisdiction resident in that city. All these circumstances, and that of its having been long regarded as the next step to the viceroyalty, have rendered it a most desira ble situation for those whose avarice and ambition urges them to seek the favour of the Spanish court. [We are promised a continuance of this interesting article in our next.] Extracts from the Portfolio of a Man of Letters. PUBLIC SPIRIT OF LOCKE. up BELON. Belon travelled into Egypt, Judea, MR. WADE, who was taked in fois Greece, and Italy; and, on his return, pull confession, that the equipage of the Duke of Monmouth cost five thousand pounds, and that four hundred pounds was given by Mr. Locke. There seems to be truth in this, as James II. demanded Locke of the States, on account of the part he had taken in that seditious movement. lished, in 1558, Remonstrances sur l'Agriculture. Though an ill-written book, it proclaimed in France many exotic arts of culture. Among other things, he says, that the Swiss already raised orange and lemon trees from the seed, but the Parisiaus did not. He recommends the importation portation of various fruit-trees, which were still rare in France. The monks of Port-royal appear to have listened to his hints, and to have obtained from the Italian monasteries many new fruit-trees. One of these cenobites, Amaud d'Andilly, wrote the first good book on Horticulture in 1652. ORIGIN OF THE WORD CANDIDATE. It was resolved to propose a law, forbidding any pretender to the superior offices to go about, as had been the custom, in garments of an extraordinary whiteness (whence they were called candidates), to solicit the people's votes.—— Hooke's Rom. Hist. 2d. v. 8vo. p. 446. CHARACTERS OF THE JUDGES OF KING CHARLES THE FIRST, FROM HEATH'S BEING A SPECIMEN OF PARTY REPRE- Colonel Thomas Harrison, the son of a butcher, at Newcastle-under-line, in Staffordshire, once servant to Mr. Hulker, an attorney. He betook himself to the army in the beginning of the wars, and, by preaching and such-like sanctity, came to be a major; where his pragmatical spirit, cherished by Cromwell, preferred him to a colonel, and the custody of the king's person, when taken from the Isle of Wight; which he most irreverently abused, by no less saucy be haviour than treasonable speeches. He was afterwards the great captain of all the schismatiques, especially Fifth-monarchy-men; in whose love, and no others, he died, and was expectedly executed at Charing Cross, in that expiatory month of October, 1660. John Carew, brother of Sir Alexander Carew, beheaded in 1644. This person was no doubt deluded by the mistaken impulses of Satan for those of the spirit, being a rank Fifth-monarchist, and so pre disposed against all government and authority, which he helped to strike at in the death of the king. John Cook, the solicitor of the High Court, whose plea (charitably taken) is his best character,that his crime was not out of malice but avarice; being a poor man, and in a wanting condition before he undertook this most scelerate piece of service.-Better be out of prac tice than in such as this. Henry Ireton, commissary-general of horse, Cromwell's second, espoused his daughter as well as his designs,-so, like father-in-law, like son-out-law, and venterised in the same manner, and at the same time--1660. Hugh Peters, the shame of the clergy, a pulpit-buffoon, a seditious abominable fellow, trumpet to this pageantry of a High Court of Justice, the most unpa ralleled ecclesiastic in all story or times. Thomas Scott, a brewer's clerk, then turned country-attorney, and, by countenance of the grandees, was chosen a recruit for the borough of Wickham, in the county of Buckingham; so violent an enemy of the king, that he wished for no other epitaph or inscription on his grave, than, Here lies Thomas Scott, one of the king's judges;-but he should first have wished for a grave. Gregory Clement, a merchant, who procured and purchased a place in Par liament, by the same means as he did his lustful debaucheries, for the notoriety of which, his fellow-villains discarded him their company. He contributed to the destruction of his sovereign, that he might reign in his own wickedness. Daniel Astell, a kind of country-mercer, in Bedfordshire, obeyed the call (as he said) of the pulpits, and went forth some small officer to fight against the mighty, after many traverses, was made lieutenant-colonel, and employed by Cromwell, out of favour to him, as the ready way to greatness, to be captain of the guard at the king's trial; where he made his janizaries, by blows and threats, to cry out Justice and Execution. He was guilty of a great deal more blood in Ireland, and had gotten a pretty foul estate: Colonel Thomas Pride, a brewer, to which he ascended from a drayınan, by the same steps as from thence he became a lord: he was a resolute ignorant fellow, but of very good success, and therefore fit to partake with Cromwell, and to vengarbling the parliament for him. That ture on that prime and hardy work of done, he deserved any employment from his master, and was put upon this, which he discharged with as much brutishness, Francis Allen, once a goldsmith, in Fleet-Street, where he leaped into a pretty estate by marrying his mistress; was chose recruit of the Long Parliament, and adhered to the jesuits for their admission of him; was made one of the treasurers at war, a customer, and had Crow-house given him, and held it in Capite Regis; after that murther, was made one of the committee for sale of his majesty's lands, &c. Anthony S'apely, a Sussex gentleman and colonel, and governor of Chichester, strangely strangely wrought into this wicked conspiracie. Nicholas Love, Doctor Love's son of Winchester, chamber-fellow with the Speaker Lenthall, made one of the six clerks of Chancery;-a violent enemy against the king and his friends, from the very beginning of our troubles, and an army-partaker in this horrible act. Cornelius Holland, a servant to Sir Henry Vane, and preferred by him to the Green Cloth, in the king's household. His father was a poor man, and died a prisoner in the Fleet: but this fellow got a vast estate by his disloyalty against a good master, whom he not only robbed but murdered. John Hewson, a broken shoemaker, who by degrees rose to be a colonel: a fellow fit for any mischief, and capable of nothing else, as his story will declare, and therefore no wonder that he was a partaker in this impiety. He is since dead, in exile, and buried, by report, at Amsterdam. Thomas Wait, a Rutlandshire man, a recruit to the parliament, chosen by the army's influence; and, from a mean person, made by them governor of Burleigh, by which means he became engaged to their interests and designs. John Allured, a soldier of fortune, promoted (for his hand in this villany) to be a colonel; died just before His Majesty's restitution. SCANDINAVIAN WORSHIP. The introduction to Frederic Ruh's History of Sweden, 'contains some curious particulars of the early religion of the north. Liv. i. § 8. In the great temple at Upsal,three divinities were adored : Thor, whose image stood in the middle and held a mace; Wodan, who stood on the right in complete armour; and Fricco, or Frey, as he is called in the Edda, who stood on the left, and was represented with the indecorous nudity of the Roman god Priapus. Thor ruled the weather; Wodan influenced the events of war; and Frey bestowed fertility on the mar riage-bed, and was the patron of peace. An account is referred to in Olaf Tryvaeson's Saga, of the travelling priests and priestesses of Frey, who, in the villages where they stopped, put up stalls, or moveable temples, in which this god was worshipped with lewd rites: a youth, on being initiated, was said to be made a Frey-man. Frey was also held to be god of the sun, and was very popular throughout the north. TUNBRIDGE-WELLS. The French poet, Pavillon, addressed a metrical epistle to Madame Pelissari, in which he describes a visit to Tunbridge: here are some of the lines. Ces eaux magiques font naitre l'enjouement; Ceux qui les prennent Sont à jouer assidument, A caqueter sans cesse, ou toujours se pro- Mille fraiches beautés parent la promenade; Qu'un homme sain à l'Hotel -dieu. Je n'y vois ni procés, ni moine, ni misere, On y sonne tres peu, l'on n'y travaille guere, Et l'on y fait de longs repas. ORIGINAL POETRY. THE SWALLOWS. SOON as th' all enlivening sum Has thro' the sign of Virgo run, 'Tis known that winds tempestuous blow, And clouds in thick succession grow Athwart the aërial way. The Swallow tribe the warning take, To quit this fickle clime; At length th' important day arrived, With one consent they wing their way, Till all their tribe are flown: And throb with fear and pain; And Winter's gloomy train. Some |