Ritual Enemas and Snuffs in the Americas

absorption activity addition administration alcohol alkaloids American Indians Anadenanthera Anthropological appear associated atropine Banisteriopsis botanical central chapter chemical Chemistry clinical clyster coca cocaine commun compounds constituents contain Datura Description dose drinking drug early effects enema enema jug et al Ethnobotany evidence experiments Furst hallucinogenic harmine Holmstedt Indians indicate ingredient intoxicating Journal known Late classic Latin American leaves material Maya Medicine Mexico Museum nasal native nicotine objects observed occur oral paricá period pers pharmacological Photographs plant Plate possible powder practices prepared present Present location Press principles private collection probably produced provenance psychoactive psychopharmacology recent rectal reference Reis reported Research ritual samples scenes Schultes seeds smoking snuff South American species stimulant studies subjects substantial suggest systemic taken Tentative tested tobacco tribes tryptamine University vase vide Virola western York