her exports to the market of Europe, directly or indirectly, from her Trans-Marine Dominions.

That market repays not only the charge for labor, the cost of the manufactures used in the culture and preparation of the produce, the rent of land and taxes, but, also, the cost and equipment ofthe ship employed for conveyance, and the wages of the seaman.

Further, the vender of the Trans-Marine productions in the market of Europe, selects the goods which are to be invested in return ;-he ranks with the best customer of the manufacturer, and the power of controul over the vender, is therefore an object of political science ;-a foreign ship arrived at Amsterdam, or at Hamburgh, from the East or from the West, will seek to invest the manufactures of the Continent in return; a British ship, in a like situation, may be required to receive her return cargo, at a port of the United Kingdom, and, without being restricted in any other respect, will assort a cargo with the best probability in favor of the British manufacturer..

Great Britain can reduce her demand upon foreign labor for her own use and consumption;—she can embrace, in a proportion of great increase, the market of Europe for Tropical productions; in proportion to that increase she will be enabled to influence the investment of the returns, and the means necessary to those important ends are in unison with the best dispositions for promoting the interests of society.

Tropical Agriculture resolves itself into two divisions, Eastern and Western.

The Eastern division is cultivated, chiefly by native free laborers.-The Western division by foreign slaves; the former at the lowest, the latter at the highest rate of expence.

A limit to British Colonial agriculture, in the West, is fixed by. the suppression of the British trade in Slaves; the heart triumphs in the decision; but unless a more commanding and comprehensive policy, in the regulation of trade generally, be adopted, the nations which rank the lowest in moral feeling will, through the resources of the Tropical agriculture and navigation, which Great Britain has humanely abandoned, make the largest advances in political

power.

The effect of that limitation to British industry, is seen in the increased activity of the foreign planter. In Cuba,—in the Brazils, the impulse is sensibly felt; by affecting the demand for the produce of the toil of Slaves only, can the trade in Slaves be prevented; when abandoned by all the governments now existing, is the policy of States which may yet be formed in Mexico and the Countries South of that Province, within the possible view of the philosopher or the statesman?

With a soil and climate rich and various, supposing equal distance and facility of navigation, and equal political encouragement, the native, free and unexpensive labor of the East must have prevented the first demand of Europe upon the foreign, compulsory, and expensive labor of the West. In the present improved state of navigation, equal political encouragement being supposed, the labor of the West, even with the advantages of less distance, high cultivation, great capital and skill and effective establishments, must yield to the labor of the East.

The subsequent examination' will establish that conclusion.

East India Sugar is become, to some extent, an article of consumption in the United Kingdom, although liable to the payment of ten shillings per cwt. duty more than Sugar imported from the British West India Plantations, and is in extensive demand for the market of Europe, even with the increased charge of transit by way of Great Britain.

East India Cotton Wool, (the produce of the Island of Bourbon excepted) until the scarcity of other Cotton, occasioned by the American Embargo, was, for most purposes, rejected by the British Spinner. At that period its qualities were more nicely investigated, and the demand in consequence became regular and extensive, and is increasing both for domestic and foreign consumption. The importation of East India Cotton Wool to Great Britain, during the first six months of the present year, (1817) is upwards of 50,000 bales, in value equal to 700,0001.

East India Rice, from various occasional and temporary causes, has been lightly esteemed in the British and other European markets. Under the advantages of reduced freight and expeditious carriage, the prospect may be entertained of that article becoming to the European Nations and to the Western Colonists, a cheap auxiliary in domestic economy, and in seasons of distress an unfailing resource.

East India Rice contains more nutriment, will keep longer, and can be delivered at market cheaper than the Carolina Rice.

Persons who have resided in India, prefer the East India Rice for their tables. The European habituated to the Carolina Rice, prefers the latter. But would the same preference continue, if the East India Rice were carefully cleaned, without breaking the

Sugar, Cotton, Rice, Indigo, Coffee and Tobacco, only, (being the leading Staple Articles common to the East and West,) are expressly adverted to in these pages.

2 Upon an experiment recently and carefully made with an equal weight of East India and of Carolina Rice, the former was found to produce a considerably greater increase of weight when boiled, and the food is obviously more solid.

grain; if the same care and attention were directed to its preparation for market, as the Carolina Rice receives?

Duly considered, the presumption arises, that the Trade in Rice is at the command of Great Britain, through her Indian Provinces; and it offers employment to her shipping,' sustenance to her population, domestic and colonial; sustenance to her neighbours, and activity to her commerce.

Such are some of the indications of the power of the Asiatie cultivator to meet the demand of the European market, in the great staples of Sugar, Cotton, and Rice,' even under disadvantages from the want of more active superintendence by the European: with the full enjoyment of that superintendence, the progress of the Indigo Trade, more plainly shows the extent of his powers. The culture of Indigo, in the East Indies, has been particularly fostered by the East India Company.

The quantity of Indigo, imported into Great Britain from the East Indies, in the year 1783, was 93,047lbs., which by progressive imports had increased in the year 1802 to 2,264, 199lbs.

The East India Company's Sales of Indigo, in successive years

India, from remote antiquity, is known to have been fruitful in the most valuable productions, and is acknowledged, from their first introduction into Europe, to have excelled in the Silk, Cotton, and other manufactures; her productive powers are equal to any supposable demand upon her soil and industry; her richest Provinces are British; and if it be indeed desirable to consummate the

Suppose the cost of a Ton of Rice, at Calcutta, to be 51., and the value on the European quay to be 211., or 24d. per lb. the Consumer, will pay 161. or sixteen parts in 21, to the Navigation of the Carrying Country.

2 The Coffee Plantations of Java, sufficiently manifest the capability of India in regard to the production of Coffee.

Slave abolition, if it be indeed desirable to assure to Great Britain the command of the Market of Europe, associated as that object is, with the Trade in Manufactured Goods; if it be desirable to assure to Great Britain the undisputed and bloodless Empire of the Seas; the East India Trade, through the medium of the British Carrier, ought to receive all the impulse consistent with the protection of British West India Interests, the preservation of which is de manded by every consideration not involving the further importation of Slaves.

The power of the United States of America results chiefly from Planting and Navigation; and since the acknowledgment of the American Independence, the current of the British Policy has in a high degree been favorable to American Interests.

Those States, when British Colonies, were possessed of the British Market for the produce of their Plantations. Their change from Provincial allegiance to Independence and commercial rivalry, has not been sufficiently marked; and the high rate of Freight incident to the monopoly of the East India Company, too long prevented competition between the Asiatic and American Planter, and precluded the British People from continuing to draw from within their own Empire, their accustomed supplies. The Cotton Wool, Rice and Tobacco of America, under a different system, would have found cheaper substitutes in the Cotton, Rice and Tobacco of India.

Under the relaxation, during the late War in Europe, of that principle of Public Law, by which the Trade between Europe and her Colonies, is in time of War restricted, as to the several States, to the modes under which such Trade is conducted during Peace, and under the advantages which were conceded to her by the Commercial Treaty of 1794, particularly by the 13th Article of that Treaty, respecting the American intercourse with British India; the Navigation of the United States has been equally favored : when the Orders of Council of November 1807, were issued, the European Market was supplied with Tropical productions, chiefly through the medium of the American Flag, especially with the productions of the East; at a period too, when by a gross anomaly, the individual British Merchant was virtually excluded from the East India Trade.

Such are some of the benefits which have been enjoyed by the American, in preference to the British Asiatic and European Subject; the effect has been felt in the recent conflict between the two Countries, and in that conflict it is easy to discern the seminal principle of future Wars, the frequency and duration of which will depend upon their relative naval power.

Great Britain is, then, directed by the best maxims of Policy,

by councils which flow from the heart to the head, by councils which are alike prompted by feeling and by the understanding, to extend her Eastern Agriculture and Commerce.

The regulations which are at present presumed to be necessary to that purpose, and to increase and confirm the influence of Great Britain in the Market of Europe, are necessarily comprehensive in their plan. In number and character, they are few and simple.

It is suggested that direct intercourse in British Ships be permitted between the several British Presidencies in India and the Ports of Europe, for Sugar, Coffee, Rice, and all such other Articles as upon due consideration shall not be excepted, subject only to the following conditions ;-That the Ship shall touch at Gibraltar or Malta, if bound to a Port South of Cape Finisterre, or at Falmouth or Cowes, if bound to a Port North of that Point; not to pay any duty, but to show that she is navigated agreeably to British Law.

And that she shall not receive for a destination beyond the limits of Europe, any Return Cargo, except at Malta, Gibraltar, or a Port of the United Kingdom.

That Cotton Wool and Rice be imported from the British Settlements in the East Indies, into the United Kingdom, free of duty; that the Importation of Tobacco from India be permitted at a reduced duty, and that the free Transit of all Articles, the growth and manufacture of the European Continent, be permitted by way of Great Britain, under the provisions of the Acts commonly called the Warehousing Acts, so far as such Articles are already the subject of direct Trade between Europe and other parts.

If it be objected;

First. That a Trade so permitted in Sugar and Coffee might operate to the prejudice of the British West India Planter.

Second. That by the proposed direct Trade, the business of the British Ports would be diminished.

Third.--That the free importation of Rice might interfere with domestic Agriculture, and that a duty is therefore expedient, by way of Regulation.

Fourth. That the duty on Cotton Wool is low, and, upon all Cotton exported for Foreign use, paid by the Foreign Consumer. Fifth. That the United States of America receive British Goods in Payment for their Plantation produce, and that the Asiatic is to be paid in Money.

Sixth. That the introduction of Foreign Manufactures even to be re-shipped, would bring such Manufactures into mischievous competition with the British Manufactures.

It is answered to the objections, in the order in which they stand: