depth of the water rapidly reaches 60 to 100 fathoms. Cod are more plentiful in May and June when moving in towards the shallow grounds of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Near this point mackerel are last seen in June on their annual migration from the waters off Cape Hatteras to their summer home in the Gulf.

Fifty miles northwest of the Cape North Ground are the Magdalen Islands,-rocky, exposed and irregular in shape, inhabited by French-speaking fisherfolk. During the winter season the islands are isolated from the rest of the world by the encompassing ice-floes, but they are frequented in summer by fishermen.from New England and the Maritime Provinces in search of herring, cod and mackerel. Pleasant Bay, in the south part of the Islands, is widely famous for the abundance of herring that frequent its waters.

The Bradelle Bank is a stony patch lying about fifty miles west of the Magdalen Islands. It is thirty miles in extent north and south, and twenty miles wide, with an average depth of twenty-five fathoms. Orphan Bank, a smaller fishing ground, lies north of Bradelle Bank and off the mouth of the Bay of Chaleur. Closer inshore towards the New Brunswick coast are Miscou Flat and Pigeon-hill Ground. Codfishing is carried on at all these banks during the summer season.

Prince Edward Island, lying between the meridians of 62° and 64°, has excellent fishing grounds off its northeastern coast, especially for mackerel. The principal harbors are Tignish on the north and Souris on the southeast point of the island; these harbors, with Port Hood on the west coast of Cape Breton Island, are generally the headquarters of American vessels sojourning in the Gulf.

NOVA SCOTIA COAST.

Passing to the outer coast of Newfoundland and the coast Provinces, we find extensive inshore fishing grounds along the entire region. The average width of this coast belt is about eighteen miles, and it ranges in depth from 10 to 50 fathoms. Cod and halibut are scarce, but were formerly taken by American vessels off Scatari and Flint Island. The south coast of Nova Scotia is deeply serrated, affording excellent harbors for boat-fishing. At numerous places along the coast herring are abundant, and are taken for bait to supply American and Provincial bank-fishermen. Mackerel make their appearance on the southwest coast of Nova Scotia the last of May. They follow the coast eastward to Canso, where they turn north to enter the Gulf either through the Strait of Canso or by Scatari and the eastern coast of Cape Breton Island.

BAY OF FUNDY.

In the Bay of Fundy are extensive herring grounds. Mackerel sometimes enter the bay, but few American vessels now visit the region for them. The herring approach Grand Manan in July and remain in the vicinity until September. Later in the fall and winter other schools of herring swarm in to the mainland about Campobello Island and the waters between Point Lepreau, New Brunswick, and Eastport, Maine. The fish are used for the sardine trade, and for bait for bank fishing. The sardine canning industry of this region is the most extensive and valuable in the Western Hemisphere. The Pollock Grounds to the north and west of Campobello Island, the Mud Hake Grounds lying to the east, and the Wolves Haddock Grounds farther to the northeast, are visited by fishermen from eastern Maine and western New Brunswick for pollock, hake and haddock.

NEW ENGLAND SHORE.

The principal inshore fishing grounds of the coast of Maine, within the limits of the sixty-fathom line, lie at an average distance of twelve to fifteen miles from the shore. They are generally rocky or gravelly patches abounding in cod, haddock and pollock; hake are found on the muddy bottoms between the harder patches. Herring and mackerel are abundant in their season, although the latter in the last twenty years have been less abundant than previously. Soft clams also abound and form the winter business of many of the citizens who ordinarily do not engage in fishing. At no other place in the United States are lobsters found in such numbers as on the Maine coast.

From Grand Manan to Isle au Haute is a succession of detached rocks, ridges, ledges and grounds more or less famous famous for their fisheries. Among the most valuable are Outer Schoodic Ridge, 22 miles southeast from Baker's Island, one of the best shore-fishing grounds of Maine; Mount Desert Rock, famous, no less, for its being a well-known landmark for seamen than for the fish obtained around it; the Grumpy, 10 miles southeast from the western head of Isle au Haute, excelling in hake in summer, in haddock in winter, and in cod the entire year; and Hatchell Ground, southeast from the Grumpy, and 912 miles from Isle au Haute, next to the Grumpy considered one of the best grounds inside Mount Desert Rock.

The islands of Matinicus, Monhegan and Seguin are well-known centers for important fishing grounds grouped about them. Only a few of the groups may be mentioned. Matinicus Sou 'sou'west Ground, 6 miles distant from Matinicus Rock, is triangular in shape, about 9 miles in extent on each side. Here are good fishing-grounds

for cod and haddock. Monhegan Island is surrounded by patches of fishing grounds, Old Jeffrey's to the west being the best. This group of grounds is the resort of trawlers and hand-liners. Seguin Ground, which lies S. W. by S. from Seguin Island, and Kettle Bottom, 10 miles south from the island, are the best grounds in the vicinity. Kettle Bottom is circular in shape, about 10 miles across, and is surpassed by no other ground on the Maine coast in the annual yield of fish.

A series of inshore grounds stretches from the West Cod Ledge off Casco Bay to the Isle of Shoals, the principal ones being Cape Porpoise Peaks, Tanter, the Inner and the Outer Bumbo, the Nubble, Boone Island Ground, Ten Acres, and Blue Clay.

Stillwagen's, or Middle Bank, is a submarine elevation connecting Cape Ann with Cape Cod and forming the boundary limit between the Gulf of Maine and Massachusetts Bay. The shallower portion of the bank, 92 to 19 fathoms, has a sandy bottom; the deeper part of the bank is of gravel and pebbles. From Eastern Point, Cape Ann, to the northern end of the bank, the region is dotted with ledges, ridges and small banks, the best known of which are Old Man's Pasture, Western Part Ridge, Hart's Ridge, Eagle Ridge, Brown's Ledge, Kettle Island Ledge, Spot of Rocks, and Saturday Night's Ledge. A stretch of rocky ledges extends from Boston Harbor to Plymouth Harbor; this region is frequented mainly by local fishermen who take their catch to the Boston markets.

The bottom off the east and southeast coast of Massachusetts is sandy with a gradual slope offshore. Morris Ledge, lying to the eastward from Chatham, Outer Crab Ledge and Pollock Rip Grounds, to the southeast of Cape Cod, are fished upon for cod chiefly by fishermen of the Cape towns. The island of Nantucket is the center of important fishing grounds. To the southeast are the Nan

tucket Shoals, shallow and dangerous, with strong flood tides running to the northeast and ebb tides to the southwest. The Shoals include Davis Shoal, 13 miles from Sankaty Head Light, Fishing Rip, 29 miles to the southeast, and Phelp's Bank, 38 miles to the southeast of the Light. An extension of this shoal three degrees to the E.N.E. forms the famous George's Bank. Along the east and south coasts of Nantucket there are grounds within two miles of the shore which are fished on for cod and bluefish. The principal fishing grounds in Nantucket Sound are Bishop and Clark's Ledge, South West Ground, Off Hyannis, Off Cotuit, and Mutton Shoal Ground west of Nantucket.

The region off Vineyard Sound and Gay Head furnishes excellent grounds for sea bass, tautog and lobsters. The first two kinds are found in less frequent numbers in Buzzards Bay. Cod are caught on Brown's Ledge, west from Gay Head, on Southwest Ledge, 13 miles S.W. by W. from Gay Head, and on Cox's Ledge, ten miles farther out and in the vicinity of No Man's Land.

Near Block Island are cod and haddock grounds at Shark's Ledge, which lies about nine miles to the southeast, the South West Ledge, and the North Ground between the island and the mainland. On these grounds, as well as those of No Man's Land, important catches of mackerel are made in their season.

GULF OF MAINE.

The Gulf of Maine is rectangular in shape, 215 miles in length from Cape Cod to Cape Sable, with an average width of 80 miles. It is of the greatest importance to the fisheries, being unsurpassed in America for the abundance and variety of the catch of fish as well as for its proximity to Gloucester, Boston, Provincetown, Portland and other fish