able, but it may be entirely divested of it, and rendered perfectly pure by rectification. The traders in spirituous liquors are well acquainted with the value of such a spirit as this: they can give it the flavors of some other kinds, and sell it under their names, or mix it in large proportion with foreign brandy, rum, and arrack, in the sale, without danger of detection.

CYDER WINE, a kind of wine made from the juice of apples taken from the press and boiled, and which being kept three or four years is said to resemble Rhenish. The method of preparing it according to Dr. Rush of America, where it is much practised, consists in evaporating in a brewing copper the fresh apple juice till half of it be consumed. The remainder is then immediately conveyed into a wooden cooler, and afterwards put into a proper cask with an addition of yeast, and fermented in the ordinary way. The process is evidently borrowed from what has long been practised on the recent juice of the grape, under the term of vin cuit, or boiled wine, in Italy, and the islands of the Archipelago. This process has often become an object of imitation in the cyder counties, and particularly in the west of England. Dr. Fothergill made a variety of experiments to ascertain whether or not the liquor acquires any noxious quality from the copper in which it is boiled, and the result seemed to afford a strong presumption that the wine does contain a minute impregnation of copper. It is a curious chemical fact, he observes, that acid liquors, while kept boiling in copper vessels, acquire little or no impregnation from the metal, but presently begin to act upon it when left to stand in the cold.

CYDIAS, an ancient Greek painter who made a painting of the Argonauts in the eleventh Olympiad. This celebrated piece was bought by the orator Hortensius for 164 talents.

CYDNUS, in ancient geography, a river of Cilicia; rising in Mount Taurus, or rather in Antitaurus, north of Tarsus, through whose middle it ran, in a very clear and cold stream; falling into the sea at a place called Rhegma, a breach, the sea breaking in there, and affording the people of Tarsus a station or port for their ships. The water of the Cydnus is commended by Strabo, as of service in nervous disorders and the gout; it was so cold, however, that bathing in it had almost proved fatal to Alexander.

CYDONIA, or CYDON, in ancient geography, one of the three most illustrious cities of Crete, situated in the north-west of the island, with a port walled round. Stephen of Byzantium says, that it was first named Apollonia from Cydon the son of Apollo. Pausanias ascribes the founding of it to Cydon the son of Tegetus, who travelled into Crete. Herodotus affirms, that it was founded by the Samians, and that its temples were erected by them. Alexander, in the first book of the Cretans, informs us, that it received its name from Cydon the son of Mercury. Cydon was the largest city in the island; and was enabled to hold the balance between her contending neighbours. Phaleucus, general of the Phoceans, making an expedition into Crete with a fleet and a numerous army, invested Cydon both by sea and land; but, lost his army and his life

And she bent o'er him, and he lay beneath,
Hushed as the babe upon its mother's breast,

Drooped as the willow when no winds can breathe,
Lulled like the depth of ocean when at rest,
Fair as the crowning rose of the whole wreath,
Soft as the callow cygnet in its nest.

Byron. Don Juan. CYLINDER, n. s. Κυλινδρος. Α circular CYLINDRICAL, adj. body terminated by two CYLINDRICK, adj. flat surfaces. Partaking CYLINDROID, n. s. of the nature of a cylinder; having the form of a cylinder. A cylindroid is a body approaching to the figure of a cylinder.

In a cornice, the gola, or cymattum of the corona, the coping, the modillions, or dentelli, make a noble show by their graceful projections. Spectator. CYMBAL, n. s. cal instrument. The trumpets, sackbuts, psalteries, and fifes, Tabors, and cymbals, and the shouting Romans, Make the sun dance. Shakspeare. Coriolanus.

Lat. cymbalum. A musi

If mirth should fail, I'll busy her with cares, Silence her clamorous voice with louder wars; Trumpets and drums shall fright her from the throne, As sounding cymbals aid the lab'ring moon.

Dryden's Aurengzebe. Ah! tinkling cymbal, and high sounding brass, Smitten in vain! such music cannot charm The eclipse, that intercepts truth's heavenly beam, And chills and darkens a wide-wandering soul.

Cowper.

A delphin now his sportive limbs he laves, And bears the sportive damsel on the waves; She strikes the cymbal as he moves along, And wondering ocean listens to the song. Darwin. Others their hands applausive beat,

Like cymbals sounding as they meet. Sheridan. Her large black eyes, that flashed through her long

hair

As it streamed o'er her; her blue veins that rose
Along her most transparent brow; her nostril
Dilated from its symmetry; her lips
Apart; her voice that clove through all the din,
As a Inte's pierceth through the cymbal's clash,
Jarred but not drowned by the loud brattling.

Byron. Sardanapalus.

CYMBALS, ANCIENT, Gr. Kuμßadov. Thy cymhal was much used among the ancients. It was made of brass like our kettle drums, and, as some think, in their form, but smaller, and of different use. Ovid gives cymbals the epithet of genialia, because they were used at weddings and other diversions. Cassiodorus and Isidore call this instrument acetabulum, the name of a cup or cavity of a bone wherein another is articulated; and Xenop on compares it to a horse's hoof;

whence it must have been hollow: which appears, too, from the figure of several other things denominated from it; as a basin, caldron, goblet, cask, and even a shoe, such as those of Empedocles, which were of brass. The ancient cymbals appear to have been very different from our kettle drums, and their use of another kind. To their exterior cavity was fastened a handle; whence Pliny compares them to the upper part of the thigh, and Rabanus to phials. They were struck against one another in cadence, and made a very acute sound. The invention of them was attributed to Cybele; whence their use in feasts and sacrifices; setting aside this occasion, they were seldom used but by dissolute and effeminate people. M. Lampe attributes the invention to the Curetes, who, as well as the Corybantes, were reputed to excel in the music of the cymbal. The Jews had their cymbals, or at least instruments which translators render cymbals; but as to their material and form, critics are not agreed.

been sometimes defined as a mean instrument, CYMBALS, MODERN. The modern cymbal has chiefly in use among vagrants, gypsies, &c. It consists of steel wire in a triangular form, whereon are passed rings, which are touched and shifted along the triangle with an iron rod held in the left hand, while it is supported in the right by a ring. Durandus says, that the monks sometimes use the word cymbal for the cloisterbell, which called them to the refectory. It is clear that our translators, at least, 1 Cor. xiii. 1, had this small kind of tinkling' instruments in view when they contrast xaλkoç nxwv, sonorous brass, perhaps the sound of the trumpet, with cupẞalov alaλalor, a tinkling cymbal.

But modern times have witnessed the extensive introduction of a very different cymbal amongst the military instruments of Europe. It is an instrument of loud percussion, adopted by us immediately from the east, and resembling the celebrated cymbals of Bacchus, which were evidently struck one against another, and would produce a sharp clamorous sound. They are employed as being useful for the loudness of their music in marking the due time and military step of a march. But the sounds produced are said to be inappreciable to the ear, and simply rhythmic or exharmonic.

CYME, or CUMA, in ancient geography, a city built by Pelops on his return from Greece. Cyme the Amazon gave it name, on expelling the inhabitants, according to Mela. Livy, Mela,

Nepos, Pliny, and Tacitus use the Greek name Cyme, in preference to Cuina. It stood in Eolia, between the Myrina and Phocæa, and in Pentinger's map is set down nine miles from Myrina. From this place was the Sybilla Cumæa, called also Erythræa, from Erythræ, a neighbouring place. It was the country of Ephorus. Hesiod was a Cumean originally; his father coming to settle at Ascra in Boeotia.

CYMENE, in botany, a name given by the ancient Greeks to a plant with which they used to dye woollen stuffs yellow; and with which the women used also to tinge their hair; yellow being the favorite color in those ages. It is the same plant with the latea herba of the Latins; or what we call dyer's weed.

CYNICS, a sect of ancient philosophers, who valued themselves upon their contempt of riches and of pomp, of the arts and sciences, and of every thing in short except virtue and morality. The cynic philosophers owe their origin and institution to Antisthenes of Athens, a disciple of Socrates; who being asked of what use his philosophy had been to him, replied, 'It enables me to live with myself. Diogenes was the most famous of his disciples, in whose character the system of this philosophy appears in its greatest perfection. See DIOGENES. These sages are said to have regarded chastity and modesty as weaknesses; and coarseness, even to indelicacy, was certainly one of their characteristics. They argued that what was right to be done, might be done at all times and in all places. Their chief principle, indeed, in common with that of the stoics, was, that we should follow nature. But the stoics clearly included the government of reason, in the rule of nature, which the cynics, for the greater part, rejected.

CYNIPS, in zoology, a genus of insects belonging to the hymenoptera order. The mouth is armed with jaws, but has no proboscis: the sting is spiral, and mostly concealed within the body. There are many species. We can only mention

two:

1. C. quercus folii, or oak-leaf cynips, is of a burnished shining brown color. The antennæ are black; the legs and feet of a chestnut brown; and the wings white, but void of marginal spots. It is in the little smooth, round, hard galls, found under the oak leaves, generally fastened to the fibres; that this insect is produced, a single one in each gall. These latter are ligneous, of a hard compact substance, formed like the rest, by the extravasation of the sap of the leaf, occasioned by the puncture of the gall fly when it deposits its eggs. Sometimes, instead of the cynips, there is seen to proceed from the gall a larger insect, of a brown color, which is an ichneumon. This ichneumon is not the real inmate of the gall, or he that formed it.

2. C. quercus gemmæ, or oak bud cynips, is of a very dark green, slightly gilded: its antennæ and feet are of a dun color, rather deep. It deposits its eggs in the oak buds, which produce one of the finest galls, leafed like a rosebud beginning to blow. When the gall is small, that great quantity of leaves is compressed, and they are set one upon another like the tiles of a roof. In the centre of the gall there is a kind of ligneous kemel, in the middle of which is a cavity; and in that is found the little larva, which feeds there, takes its growth, undergoes its metamorphosis, and breaks through the enclosure of that kind of cod in order to get out. The whole gall is often near an inch in diameter, sometimes more when dried and displayed; and it holds to a branch by a pedicle.

CYNOBELINE, a king of the South Britons, who flourished in the reign of Claudius, and

fought several battles with the Romans under Plautius, the prætor; about A. D. 43-46.

CYNOGLOSSUM, hound's tongue, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, pentandria class of plants; natural order forty-first, asperifoliæ: COR. funnel-shaped, with its throat closed up by little arches formed in it; the seeds-depressed, and affixed to the style or receptacle only on their inner side. There are eight species, not remarkable for beauty. C. officinale, the common greater hound's tongue, was formerly used in medicine, and its root supposed to possess narcotic virtues; but it is discarded from the present practice. The smell of the whole plant is very disagreeable. Goats eat it: sheep, horses, and swine refuse it.

CYNOMETRA, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order and decandria class of plants; CAL. tetraphyllous: ANTH. bifid at top; the legumen carnous, crescent-shaped, and monospermous. Species two, Indian trees.

CYNOMORIUM, in botany, a genus of the monandria order and monœcia class of plants: natural order fiftieth, amentaceæ: CAL. imoricated catkin: COR. none: one style; and one roundish seed. Species one only.

CYNOPHONTIS, in antiquity, a festival observed in the dog-days at Argos, and so called Aпо т8Ç KUVα povuv, i. e. from killing dogs; because it was usual on this day to kill all the dogs they met with.

CYNOSARGES, a place in the suburbs of Athens, named from a white or swift dog, who snatched away part of the sacrifice offering to Hercules. It had a gymnasium, in which strangers or those of the half blood performed their exercises; the case of Hercules, to whom the place was consecrated. It had also a court of judicature, to try illegitimacy, and to examine whether persons were Athenians of the whole or half blood.

CYNOSCEPHALE, in ancient geography, a place in Thessaly, near Scotussa; where the Romans, under Q. Flaminius, gained a great victory over Philip, son of Demetrius king of Macedon. These Cynoscephala were small tops of several equal eminences; named from their resemblance to dogs' heads, according to Plutarch.

CYNOSSEMA, the tomb of Hecuba, on the promontory Mastusia, over against Sigeum, in the south of the Chersonesus Thracica; named either from the figure of a dog, to which she was fabled to have been changed, or from her sad reverse of fortune.

CYNOSURA, in astronomy, a denomination given by the Greeks to ursa minor, or the little bear, from xvvorepa, the dog's tail. This is the constellation next our pole, consisting of seven stars: four of which are disposed like the four wheels of a chariot, and three lengthways representing the beam; whence some give it the name of the chariot, or Charles's wain. See CYNOSURE.

CYNOSURA, in mythology, a nymph of Ida, in Crete, said to have nursed Jupiter, who changed her into a star.

CYNOSURA, CYNOSURE, or CYNOSURIS, in ancient geography, a place in Laconia; but whether maritime or inland, is uncertain. Here Esculapius was buried.