munication between those points. At first the advanced posts of the volunteers at Santa Maria were driven back, and the Royalists penetrated into the streets, from which they were with difficulty dislodged by repeated charges of the bayonet. At San Angelo, owing to the obstinate resistance offered by a brigade of the division of General Medici they were un able to make any impression, but in the centre of the line they drove

back the volunteers until the reserves came up, and the battle was vigorously contested for some hours, when the Royalists began to give way, and at last broke in hasty retreat, and retired behind the Volturno and into the fortress of Capua after sustaining heavy loss. It was computed that the Royalists mustered in this engagement not fewer than 30,000 men, while the volunteers under Garibaldi did not exceed half that number.

troops are coming amongst you to consolidate order; I am not coming to impose my will upon you, but to ensure that yours be respected. You can manifest it freely. Providence, which protects the just cause, will inspire the votes which you will cast into the urn. -Whatever may be the gravity of events, I await with calmness the judgment of civilized Europe and that of history, because I am conscious that I am fulfilling my duties as a king and as an Italian.

"In Europe, my policy perhaps will not be without its use, by reconciling the progress of peoples with the stability of monarchs. In Italy, I know that I close the era of revolutions."

In a few days afterwards, the Piedmontese army crossed the frontier into the Abruzzi, and took the direction of Capua. The leading columns, under General Cialdini, were attacked by the Royalist forces on the heights of Macerone, near Isernia, on the 21st of October; but in less than half an hour the contest was decided, and the Neapolitans were completely defeated, leaving many prisoners in the hands of the Piedmontese.

This success of the Sardinian troops was announced by Garibaldi to the Neapolitans in a proclamation, in which he said :—

"The army of Lamoricière has been defeated by those valiant men. All the provinces, slaves of the Pope, are free. Ancona is ours. The valiant soldiers of the army of the north have passed the frontier, and are on the Neapolitan soil. Shortly we shall have the fortune to grasp the right hands of the brave."

Garibaldi himself soon afterwards advanced with a body of volunteers to meet the king, who

was marching at the head of his army upon the line of the Volturno. Their first interview took place between Teano and Speranzano on the 26th of October, and a picturesque account of it appeared in the Journal des Débats, which is worth quoting:

"Seeing the red shirts, the King took a glass, and having recognized Garibaldi, gave his horse a touch of the spur and galloped to meet him. At ten paces distant, the officers of the King and those of Garibaldi shouted, Viva Victor Emmanuel!' Garibaldi made another step in advance, raised his cap, and added, in a voice which trembled with emotion, King of Italy! Victor Emmanuel raised his hand to his cap, and then stretched out his hand to Garibaldi, and with equal emotion replied, I thank you.'

The Neapolitan Royalist army now withdrew from the line of the Volturno and retired behind the Garigliano, leaving, however, a strong body of troops in possession of Capua. In this new position they were, on the 3rd of November, attacked and defeated by the Piedmontese forces, under King Victor Emmanuel in person. The Sardinian fleet co-operated in the engagement by opening its fire at the mouth of the Garigliano upon the enemy's flank, and the Neapolitans retired in haste upon Gaeta, the last refuge of the Bourbon dynasty of Naples, pursued by General Sonnaz, who occupied Mola di Gaeta and other positions above and commanding the city. Capua had previously surrendered, and the garrison, about 9000 strong, were made prisoners of war. But a large body of Royalist troops was cut off from Capua by the forward movement

of the Piedmontese, and, in order to escape, they crossed the frontier into the Papal territory, close to Terracina.

The investment of Gaeta by land was soon complete, and the place must have quickly fallen if the Sardinians had blockaded and attacked it by sea. But this they were not allowed to do. The French Emperor interfered to give the King of Naples a chance of escape. His avowed reason, as stated by M. Thouvenel to Earl Cowley, our ambassador at Paris, was to give the King the opportunity of making an honourable capitulation, and of saving His Majesty from becoming the prisoner of the King of Sardinia."

Perhaps, also, he was not without hopes that, by prolonging the struggle, something might happen favourable to dynastic views for the family of Napoleon in the South of Italy. A French squad ron, under the command of Admiral de Tinan, was anchored in the middle of the roadstead in front of Gaeta, and the Piedimontese fleet did not approach nearer than the mouth of the Garigliano. The consequence was, that Gaeta was only invested on the land side, and a tedious siege commenced, leading to useless bloodshed, which occupied the rest of the year without any definite result.

In the meantime, the French army of occupation at Rome had been largely reinforced. General de Goyon, who had quitted Rome to enter the personal service of the Emperor, was ordered to return and resume the command. Within a certain radius from the Eternal City the Piedmontese troops were obliged to stop short, unless they wished to come into collision with French bayonets. Civita Veceli,

Corneto, Ronciglione, Tivoli, Albano, Frascati, Velletri, and many other towns, even as far south as Terracina, were occupied by the French, and as an example of the kind of interference with the wishes of the inhabitants which this occasioned, and the spirit of opposition which it provoked, we will mention what happened at Viterbo.

This town had in September declared for Victor Emmanuel, and a commission was sent to govern it provisionally in the name of the king; there was no disturbance of the public peace, for the inhabitants were unanimous. Suddenly, on the 7th of October, General de Goyon, the French Commandant at Rome, sent a message to the Gonfaloniere of Viterbo, announcing that a column of French troops was about to enter the town, and requesting him to take measures for procuring quarters for the force. To this message the Gonfaloniere returned the following siguificant reply:

M. le Général,—The Municipal Commission of this town, of which I have the honour to be president, is disagreeably surprised at the receipt of your communication that a column of French troops is coming here. Relying on the assurance of your Emperor that no intervention would take place in Italy, we proclaimed the Government of King Victor Emmanuel, the friend and the ally of France. His Majesty sent a Commissioner to govern us, and we have maintained the most perfect order with the unanimous consent of all the citizens. Persons and property were never so secure here as they have been since the instal lation of the King's Government,

and we can conscientiously say that we do not deserve to have our tranquillity troubled. If, however, your orders, General, should be such that you cannot change your determination, you will not meet with the slightest resistance, but you will find the town deserted, unless you assure us that you will not be followed by the reaction. I myself and the entire municipality will seek a place of safety, as will also the other citizens, who almost all are liable to prosecution by the clerical Government."

At the beginning of November the question of whether the people of the Neapolitan kingdom wished for "Italy one and indivisible, with Victor Emmanuel as Constitutional king," was decided by an appeal to universal suffrage, and the votes were 1,302,064 in the affirmative, and 10,312 in the negative.

On the 7th, Victor Emmanuel made his entry into Naples, and immediately issued a proclamation, in which he said :

"The results of the vote by universal suffrage give me the sovereign power over these noble provinces. I accept this new award of the national will, moved not by any monarchic ambition, but by conscientious feelings as an Italian. The duties of all Italians are augmented. Sincere concord and constant self-denial are more than ever necessary. All parties must bow before the majesty of the Italian nation, which God uplifts. We must here inaugurate a Government which may give security of free existence to the people and of severe rectitude to public opi

nion. . . . .'

He immediately visited the Cathedral, and the multitude had the satisfaction of finding that their

patron saint, St. Januarius, was not displeased at recent events, for his blood liquefied in the usual orthodox manner. The King appointed Signor Farini his LieutenantGovernor for the Neapolitan provinces; and he formed an administration consisting of SS. Ventimiglia, Pisanelli, Poerio, Scialoia, and others.

Garibaldi did not remain in the

territory which he had added to the Crown of Sardinia. He quitted Naples for the Island of Caprera on the 9th of November, two days after Victor Emmanuel entered it. The exact cause of this abrupt departure is not yet known; but it appears that Garibaldi and the King, or the King's advisers, differed, as it was natural they should differ, as to the policy to be adopted in several points, one of which was the future position and organization of the volunteers who had been his successful companions in arms. The King, however, was lavish in his offer of honours and emoluments to the hero, to whom he owed so much; but Garibaldi was inflexible in his refusal to accept them, and he withdrew to Caprera, after distributing medals to his soldiers and issuing a last proclamation, addressed to his former comrades, in which he said,

"Providence has given Victor Emmanuel to Italy. Every Italian should bind himself to him. All should gather close around him. By the side of the 'Re galantuomo' every strife should disappear, every rancour be dissipated. Once again I

repeat my cry to you-To arms. all! all! If the month of March, 1861, does not find a million of Italians under arms, alas for liberty! alas for Italian existence! Oh, no! away with a thought which I loathe as poison. March,