1861, and February, if necessary, will find us all at our post. Italians of Calatafimi, of Palermo, of the Volturno, of Ancona, of Castelfidardo, and of Isernia, and with us every man of this land who is neither servile nor a coward-all, one and all gathered closely round the hero of Palestro, we will give the last shock, the last blow to the crumbling tyranny."

Our next volume will relate how far this warlike prophecy has been fulfilled.

We ought to mention that several reactionary attempts took place in the Neapolitan territory before the close of the year-chiefly in the Abruzzi-where the disbanded soldiers of the Royal army, instigated by priestly influence and Bourbon intrigues, committed many acts of outrage, which were, however, speedily and effectually repressed.

SPAIN AND MOROCCO.In the year 1859, a war broke out between Spain and Morocco under the following circumstances: -The Spanish Crown possesses several places on the north coast of Africa, such as Ceuta, Melilla, Alhucemas, and El Penon, in the neighbourhood of which is the restless and predatory tribe of the Kabylas of Anghera, who made frequent incursionsinto the Spanish territory, the consequence of which was collision with the garrison of Ceuta, and ill feeling arose between the two Governments of Spain and Morocco. Spain sought to make the Moors responsible for these attacks, and in the course of 1×59, satisfaction was demanded from the Emperor of Morocco, who yielded on all points, and the cause of quarrel seemed to be at an end. A cession of territory in

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the neighbourhood of Ceuta was, however, afterwards claimed by Spain, on the ground that it was necessary for the protection of that fortress. This demand was also complied with, but, on attempting to settle the boundary of the ceded territory, it was found that Spain demanded more than the Moorish Government was prepared to grant. The result was, that negotiations were broken off, and Spain declared war against Morocco in the month of October, 1859.

General O'Donnell took the command of the Spanish army, which crossed over into Africa, and hostilities immediately commenced. Several engagements took place, in which the Moors fought bravely, but success was almost uniformly on the side of the Spaniards.

In the meantime, the British Government had insisted that, whatever might be the result of the war, Spain should not acquire any permanent accession of territory on the African coast, which might endanger the security of Gibraltar, which commands the passage of the Straits. In particular, it was intimated that if Tangier were occupied by the Spanish troops during the contest, we could not permit the occu pation to be prolonged after the close of the war. The Spanish Foreign Minister, M. Calderon Col lantes, promised on the part of his Government that Spain "would not take possession of any point on the Straits, the position of which might give her a superiority threatening to the navigation." With this assurance the British Government was satisfied, and remained perfectly neutral during the war that followed.

We do not propose to give a

narrative of the campaign, which would possess little interest for our readers. It will be sufficient to state, that on the 23rd of March, this year, a decisive battle was fought near Tetuan, in which, after an obstinate struggle, the Moorish army was completely defeated. This victory was immediately followed by overtures of peace on the part of the Emperor of Morocco. An interview took place between the Spanish and Moorish generals, O'Donnell and Muley el Abbas, and a treaty of peace was signed, of which the following were the principal conditions:

"Art. 1. His Majesty the Emperor of Morocco cedes to Her Majesty the Queen of the Spains, in` perpetuity, full possession and sovereignty, all the territory comprised from the sea, following the heights of Sierra Bullones, as far as the road of Anghera.

"Art. 2. In the same manner His Majesty the Emperor of Morocco undertakes to concede, in perpetuity, along the coast of the ocean to Santa Cruz, the Pequena, the territory sufficient for the formation of an establishment like that which Spain possessed there formerly.

"Art. 3. His Majesty the Emperor of Morocco will ratify, within the briefest period possible, the convention relative to the places of Melilla, El Penon, and Alhucemas, which the Plenipotentiaries of Spain and Morocco signed at Tetuan on the 24th of August, 1859.

"Art. 5. The town of Tetuan, with the whole of the territory that formed the ancient pashalic of the same name, will remain in the possession of Her Majesty the Queen of Spain, as security for the execution of the obligation specified in the aforesaid article, until the complete payment of the war indemnity. Immediately after the said payment shall have been made in full, the Spanish troops will evacuate the said town and territory.

"Art. 6. A treaty of commerce shall be concluded, in which will be stipulated, in favour of Spain, all the advantages that would have been or shall hereafter be conceded to the most favoured nation.

"Art. 7. To avoid, in future, events like those that occasioned the present war, the representative of Spain at Morocco may reside at Fez, or at the spot best suited for the protection of Spanish interests and for the maintenance of good relations between the two States.

"Art. 8. His Majesty the Emperor of Morocco will authorize the establishment at Fez of a house of Spanish missionaries, like that which exists at Tangier."

In an address to his soldiers, congratulating them on the results of the campaign, General O'Donnell said :

"All the difficulties opposed to us by an inhospitable country, without roads, without population, without resources of any kind, during a most severe winter, and while the terrible scourge of cholera augmented our sufferings and thinned our ranks, have failed to vanquish your constancy, and have found you ever contented and disposed to fulfil the noble mission confided to you by your Queen and your country.

of the provincial representations of the above-mentioned provinces will choose three members from among themselves for each person to be nominated, and will propose such members to us. The Counsellors Extraordinary mentioned in sections 1, 2, and 3 will be appointed -for life. Those mentioned in section 4 will be elected for six years, and at the expiration of that period they will quit the Reichsrath. The provincial representations will, however, be at liberty to re-elect them."

The Reichsrath thus constituted was to be periodically convoked to take into consideration the following matters-1. The fixing of the amount of the Budget, the State balance-sheets (to audit the same) and the reports of the National Debts Commission. 2. The more important draughts for general laws. 3. The proposals of the provincial constitutions.

But it was without the right of taking the initiative and making proposals for laws or ordinances. The old Reichsrath was still to continue its functions with regard to questions not within the cognizance of the new or reinforced" Reichsrath, the new members of which were styled Counsellors Extraordinary. And the Patent provided that the Ministers and the chiefs of the central departments were to have a right to take part in all the consultations of the reinforced Reichsrath, and to bring forward their propositions in person, or by the means of a deputy, and also that the members of the old or "stable" Reichsrath should have seat and voice in the " reinforced" Reichsrath.

The newly-constituted body met in the month of May, and long discussions ensued on the Budget

and other matters, for which it is impossible for us to find space.

On the 21st of October the Emperor promulgated a new Constitution, or " Imperial Diploma," as it was called. He prefaced it by a manifesto addressed to "My Peo ples," in which he said :

"When I mounted the throne of my ancestors, the monarchy was exposed to violent concussions.

"After a struggle, which was most painful to my feelings as a Sovereign, it was requisite, as was the case in almost all the violentlydisturbed countries on the European continent, to bring about a stricter concentration of the power of Government. The welfare of the public in general, and the security of the peaceful inhabitants of the monarchy, rendered such a concentration of power absolutely necessary, as excited passions, and the painful recollections of the past, rendered the free movement of the various elements which had so recently been in conflict impossible.

"It was my wish to learn the wishes and necessities of the various parts of the Empire, aud I, therefore, by my patent of the 5th of March, 1860, established and convoked my enlarged Reichsrath.

"In consequence of the reports submitted to me by the same, I have on this day found good to issue and promulgate a diploma relative to the staatsrechtliche' constitution of the monarchy, to the rights and position of the several kingdoms and countries, and to a renewed guarantee' for the representation of the staatsrechtli chen' tie of the whole monarchy.

“I fulfil my duty as a Sovereign by thus bringing into accord the traditious opinions as to legality (Rechtsanschauungen) and lawful

claims of my countries and peoples with the actual necessities of the monarchy, and with full confidence in the matured judgment and patriotic zeal of my peoples, I leave it to them to develope and strengthen the institutions which have been given, or restored by me."

The provisions of the "Diploma" were the following:

"1. The right to issue, alter, and abolish laws will only be exercised by us and our successors with the co-operation of the lawfully-assembled Diets, and respectively of the Reichsrath, to which body the Diets will have to send the number of members fixed by us.

2. The things to be settled with the co-operation of the Reichsrath are:-All legislative matters which relate to the rights, duties, and interests of our several kingdoms and countries, such as the laws connected with the coinage, currency, public credit, customs, and commercial matters. Further, the fundamental principles of a system for the establishment of banks privileged to issue notes, and the legislation in respect to the post-office, telegraphs, and railroads. The manner of managing the conscription for the army will in future be discussed with the Reichsrath, and the necessary arrangements made, with its co-operation, for settling the matter in a constitutional way. The Reichsrath will co-operate in the introduction of new taxes and imposts, in raising the already exist ing taxes and dues, and more particularly in raising the price of salt. The Reichsrath will also, in accordance with our resolution of July 17, 1860, co-operate in the making of new loans. Neither the conversion of already existing State debts, nor the sale, change,

or mortgage, of the real property of the State, can be ordained without the consent of the Reichsrath. The examination into and the settlement of the amount of the Budget for the coming year must take place with the co-operation of the Reichsrath, as must the examination into the State accounts and the results of the financial administration of each year.

"3. All matters of legislation which are not mentioned in the foregoing paragraphs will be mamaged by the several Diets; by the kingdoms and countries belonging to the Hungarian Crown in the sense of their former constitutions, and in the other kingdoms and countries in the sense of, and in accordance with, the constitutional provincial statutes.

"However, as there are some matters of legislation in those provinces which do not belong to the Hungarian Crown-that are not within the exclusive competence of the Reichsrath, and as such matters have for a long series of years been subjected to one common treatment and decision, we reserve to ourselves the right to treat them with the constitutional co-operation of the Reichsrath, but with the assistance of the Reichsraths of those provinces.

"A common treatment can also take place, even if the matters to be settled are not within the exclusive competence of the Reichsrath, should such be the wish and express desire of one or other of the provincial Diets.

4. This our Imperial Diploma shall at once be placed in the archives of our kingdoms and countries, and shall in due time be entered in the laws of th authentic text, and i' used in the cour