finality of the judgments of prize courts, and of that in the case of the Neptune, Jeffries, master, a provision case involving the question of contraband.

Mr. Gore landed at Dover June 21, 1796, and First Meeting of Com- arrived in London on the following day. On missioners. the 23d he called on Mr. Pinkney, who had preceded him, and on the 30th of June was presented by the latter to Lord Grenville, with whom he left a copy of his commission. The first meeting of the American and British commissioners, for the purpose of adjusting the preliminaries of their task, was held on the 16th of August 1796 at the house of Dr. Nicholl, in Lincoln's Inn Fields, London.

Choice of Fifth Commissioner.

On the 18th of August the commissioners met at the same place for the purpose of choosing a fifth commissioner. For this office the commissioners on each side desired the selection of one of their own countrymen, and to this end the American commissioners mentioned Mr. Starke, "a gentleman of the law from Virginia;" Mr. I. C. Fisher, a merchant of Philadelphia; Mr. Tudor, of Boston, and Col. John Trumbull, of Connecticut. The British commissioners also presented a list of four names, among which were those of Drs. Swabey, Arnold, and Lawrence, all eminent civilians. But, as neither side would yield to the other, it was found necessary to resort to the alternative mode of choosing by lot. The disadvantage which usually attends this method is that each side names one of its partisans, so that the commissioner chosen by lot for the purpose of casting the decisive vote is likely to be less fair and judicial than any of his associates. The commissioners under Article VII. sought to avoid this difficulty by arranging that, for the purposes of the lottery, each side should propose a name from the list which the other had prepared with a view to a common agreement. In execution of this plan the American commissioners chose from the British list the name of Dr. Swabey, while the British commissioners selected from the American list the name of Colonel Trumbull. These names, having been written on ballots by Mr. Gore and Dr. Nicholl, were deposited in an urn, which was taken into another room to Dr. Anstey and Mr. Pinkney, and the urn being presented by Dr. Nicholl to Mr. Pinkney, the latter drew out the name of Colonel Trumbull.'

1 Messrs. Gore and Pinkney to Mr. Pickering, Sec. of State, August 27, 1796. (MSS. Dept. of State.)

Apart from the fact of his being then in London, Colonel Trumbull doubtless owed his selection in a measure to the circumstance of his having accompanied Mr. Jay as secretary in the negotiation of the treaty. His duties as commissioner were performed with conscientiousness and not without credit, but his tastes were for art rather than for law and diplomacy, and it is as a painter of historical pictures that he is still remembered.1 Colonel Trumbull was duly notified of his appointment, and having accepted it met the other commissioners on the 25th of August, when they were all qualified by taking an oath before the Lord Mayor of London.2

Qualification of Commissioners.

The commissioners after qualifying took an Notice of Organiza- office in Gray's Inn, and on the 7th of September published the following notice:

tion.

"The commissioners appointed to carry into execution the seventh article of the Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation, between his Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, hereby give notice that they have formed a board, and will be ready to proceed to the business of their commission, on Monday, the tenth day of October next, at their office, No. 5, Gray's Inn Square, Gray's Inn, London.

"All persons having claims under said article will take notice that by the provisions thereof, eighteen months from the day on which the commissioners shall form a board and be ready to proceed to business, are assigned for receiving complaints and applications, and that the commissioners are authorized only in particular cases, in which it shall appear to be reasonable and just, to extend the said term of eighteen months, for any term not exceeding six months, after the expiration thereof. "London, Sept. 7th, 1796."

1 See his Autobiography, 190, 191.

When this work was written he was under the impression that the records of the commission, having been deposited in one of the public offices at Washington, were destroyed by fire. The records, however, probably so far as they ever were in the possession of the United States, are now in the Department of State, though unarranged and not even segregated.

2 Mr. Gore to Mr. Pickering, Sec. of State, August 26, 1796. The oath taken by the commissioners was as follows:

“I, one of the Commissioners appointed in pursuance of the 7th article of the treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation between his Brittanick Majesty and the United States of America, do solemnly swear that I will honestly, diligently, impartially and carefully examine and to the best of my judgment, according to the merits of the several cases and to justice, Equity and the Law of Nations, decide all such claims as under the said article shall be preferred to the said commissioners, and that I will forbear to act as a commissioner in any case in which I may be personally interested." (MSS. Dept. of State.)

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Secretary and other
Officers.

When the commissioners, pursuant to this notice, assembled on the 10th of October, they proceeded to appoint a secretary and other necessary officers and establish rules, and to transact such other business as came before them.1

They chose as secretary Francis Moore, and appointed James Western and Thomas Robert Harris as clerks. On the 19th of October these persons each took an oath of office and entered on the discharge of their respective duties.2

Agents.

Each government appointed an agent, whose function it was to represent before the commission the interests of his government and the claims of its citizens. In this capacity Nathaniel Gostling, a proctor of the court of admiralty, appeared on the part of Great Britain. In a similar capacity Samuel Bayard, of Philadelphia, appeared on the part of the United States. After retaining the place for about two years, he resigned it and was succeeded by Samuel Williams, who was in turn succeeded by G. W. Erving.*

Assessors.

In order to ascertain the amount of compensation that should be awarded in cases in which any should be found to be due, the commissioners decided to adopt the procedure of the court of admiralty and name two merchants, one from each nation, to act as assessors, whose duties, as defined in the records of the commission, were "to ascertain the value at the time of capture,

Trumbull's Autobiography, 192, 193; Pinkney's Life of Pinkney, 25. MSS. Dept. of State.

3 Mr. Jay having suggested in the summer of 1794 that a person should be sent to England to represent the claims of American citizens before the prize courts in that country, Mr. Bayard was selected for the purpose with the approbation of the merchants of Philadelphia interested in British captures. He appears to have sailed in the ship Adriana on November 9, 1794; he landed at Falmouth and arrived in London in December. Mr. Bayard was born in Philadelphia January 11, 1767; graduated at Princeton College in 1784, and read and practiced law in his native city. After his return to the United States he became a judge of the court of common pleas of Westchester County, New York. (Am. State Papers, For. Rel. I. 484, 499, 501; The Bayard Family of America and Judge Bayard's London Diary of 1795-96, by Gen. James Grant Wilson, Huguenot Society, April 17, 1890; Dod's Journal of Martha Pintard Bayard.) There is a manuscript volume of Mr. Bayard's reports as agent for prizes in London in the Department of State.

4

Mr. Erving was afterward minister of the United States at Copenhagen and Madrid. There are commendatory references to him in Wharton's International Law Digest, III. App. 867, 881.

and of the goods and merchandise at the port of destination, at the probable time of arrival; the compensation to be paid as demurrage to the claimant for detention, and what compensation ought to be paid on account of damages alleged to have been sustained by the vessel, and expenses necessarily incurred by the owners by reason of the detention thereof, and of the cargo; compensation for any loss or damage arising from the necessary hypothecation of a vessel and cargo for the purpose of enabling the charterer to obtain the security prescribed by the sentence of a court, as a condition of the restitution; the difference between the sum paid by the British Government, and the value of the cargo at the place of destination."

Samuel Cabot, an American merchant, was appointed to act in this capacity on the part of the United States, and Alexander Glennie, a British merchant, on the part of Great Britain. On February 5, 1797, the day of their appointment, they attended and "took an oath carefully to examine all matters referred to them by the Board, and faithfully and impartially to report upon the same according to their instructions and the best of their skill and judgment." At the same time the board ordered that a copy of every order of reference to the merchants should be transmitted as soon as possible to the agent for the claimants and the agent for the Crown, and that as soon as the merchants should have made their report a copy of it and of the account or schedule therein referred to should also be transmitted to the agents, who should respectively be at liberty to file their objections to such report within one week after it should have been made. It was also ordered that the assessors should receive, according to the usage of the court of admiralty of Great Britain, the sum of five guineas for every case reported upon by them. Before the conclusion of the labors of the commission Mr. Cabot resigned his post, and Mr. Erving, who had been appointed as agent was also designated by the Government of the United States to act as assessor; but the commission declined to receive him in that capacity, deeming it incompatible with his functions as agent, and Mr. Erving on being informed of their objection resigned his appointment as assessor. Mr. Cabot was then induced to return to the post on the payment of an annual salary of $1,500 in addition to the irregularly recurrent fee of five guineas. The services which he rendered in his capacity of assessor were not only laborious, but by

reason of his experience and knowledge were also of great value.1

mission's Jurisdiction.

The commissioners had not proceeded far Difference as to Com- in their deliberations when, in the case of the Betsey, Furlong, master, a violent dissension arose as to the extent of their jurisdiction, and their power to determine to what cases it extended. The question on which this disagreement occurred was that of the finality of the decrees of the English High Court of Appeals in prize causes-the Lords Commissioners of Appeal-in af firming the condemnatory sentences of the prize courts. The American commissioners maintained that such decrees could not be regarded as final, since, if based on rules or on orders in council that were violative of the law of nations, they merely consummated the wrong of which the United States complained and for which it had been promised compensation. While the fifth commissioner coincided in this view, he was deprived of the power to render a decision by the assertion by the British commissioners of a right to withdraw from the board, the treaty requiring at least one of the commissioners on each side and the fifth commissioner to be present at the performance of any act appertaining to the commission. In this way the progress of the board was brought to a halt.2

In this dilemma Rufus King, who then represented the United States at the Court of St. James, held on the 16th of December 1796 a conference with Lord Grenville, in order to ascertain how far the action of the British commissioners met the approbation of His Majesty's government. Mr. King told

Trumbull's Autobiography, 352–355.

2 On December 16, 1796, Messrs. Gore and Pinkney wrote to the Secretary of State of the United States that their opinions on the power of the board to determine its own jurisdiction had been written, and would be presented to the British commissioners for their perusal. Subsequently they reported that, when the opinions were offered, Mr. Anstey declined to read them on the ground that Lord Grenville desired that there might be no interchange of written opinions. Mr. Nicholl, however, not deeming himself precluded from perusing them, Mr. Gore's was delivered to him. In returning it, some time after the objection to the board's proceeding had been removed, Mr. Nicholl made a memorandum in which he said that "the objection was not stated correctly in its full extent, at least so far as regarded Dr. Nicholl, and that from many parts of the remarks he conceived that he must in various instances have been misapprehended by Mr. Gore." (Messrs. Gore and Pinkney to the Sec. of State, July 29, 1797, MSS. Dept. of State.)