Gauls, have ever, by accident or design, planted colonies in America, these must have been, sooner or later, dispersed and lost in the waves of a vast indigenous population. Such we know to have been the fact with the Northmen, whose re

mies hitherto met with, together with an accurate comparison of these skulls with the monuments.' This is precisely the design I have in view in the following memoir, which I therefore commence by an analysis of the characters of all the crania now in my possession. These may be referred to two of the great races of men, the CAUCASIAN and the NEGRO, although there is a remarkable disparity in the number of each. The Caucasian heads also vary so much among themselves as to present several different types of this race, which may, perhaps, be appropriately grouped under the following designations:

CAUCASIAN RACE.

1. The Pelasgic Type. (I do not use this term with ethnographic precision; but merely to indicate the most perfect type of cranio-facial outline.) In this division I place those heads which present the finest conformation, as seen in the Caucasian nations of western Asia, and middle and southern Europe. The Pelasgic lineaments are familiar to us in the beautiful models of Grecian art, which are remarkable for the volume of the head in comparison with that of the face, the large facial angle, and the symmetry and delicacy of the whole osteological structure.

2. The Semitic Type, as seen in the Hebrew communities, is marked by a comparatively receding forehead, long, arched, and very prominent nose, a marked distance between the eyes, a low, heavy, broad and strong, and often harsh development of the whole facial structure.

4. The Egyptian form differs from the Pelasgic in having a narrower and more receding forehead, while the face being more prominent, the facial angle is consequently less. The nose is straight or aquiline, the face angular, the features often sharp, and the hair uniformly long, soft, and curling. In this series of crania I include many of which the conformation is not appreciably different from that of the Arab and Hindoo; but I have not, as a rule, attempted to note these distinctions, although they are so marked as to have induced me, in the early stage of the investigation, and for reasons which will appear in the sequel, to group them, together with the proper Egyptian form, under the provisional name of Austral-Egyptian crania.

NEGRO RACE.

The true Negro conformation requires no comment; but it is necessary to observe that a practised eye readily detects a few heads with decidedly mixed characters, in which those of the Negro predominate. For these I propose the name of Negroid crania; for while the osteological development is more or less that of the Negro, the hair is long but sometimes harsh, thus indicating that combination of features which is familiar in the mulatto grades of the present day. It is proper, however, to remark in relation to the whole series of crania, that while the greater part is readily referrible to some one of the above subdivisions, there remain a few other examples in which the Caucasian traits predominate, but are partially blended with those of the Negro, which last modify both the structure and expression of the head and face.

The following is a Tabular View of the whole series of crania, ar

peated, though very partial, settlements in the present New England States, from the tenth to the thirteenth centuries, are now matter of history; yet, in the country itself, they have not left a single indisputable trace of their sojourn.

In fine, our own conclusion, long ago deduced from a patient examination of the facts thus briefly and inadequately stated, is, that the American race is essentially separate and peculiar, whether we regard it in its physical, its moral, or its intellectual relations. To us there are no direct or obvious links between the people of the old world and the new ; for, even admitting the seeming analogies to which we have alluded, these are so few in number, and evidently so casual, as not to invalidate the main position; and even should it be hereafter shewn, that the arts, sciences, and religion of America can be traced to an exotic source, I maintain that the organic characters of the people themselves, through all their endless ramifications of tribes and nations, prove them to belong to one and the same race, and that this race is distinct from all others.

This idea may, at first view, seem incompatible with the history of man, as recorded in the Sacred Writings. Such, however, is not the fact. Where others can see nothing but chance, we can perceive a wise and obvious design, displayed in the original adaptation of the several races of men to those varied circumstances of climate and locality which, while congenial to the one, are destructive to the other. The evidences of history and the Egyptian monuments go to prove that these races were as distinctly stamped three thousand

ranged, in the first place, according to their sepulchral localities, and, in the second, in reference to their national affinities.

five hundred years ago as they are now; and, in fact, that they are coeval with the primitive dispersion of our species.*

III. On the Abuse of Acquisitiveness by Society, and its Reflex Influence on Criminals. By Mr E. J. HYTCHE.

There is no greater truth than this, that the abuse of an organ, be it physical or mental, implies, as a necessary consequence, the punishment due to it. The existence of so many cases of hereditary predispositions to specific disease or moral debasements, is but a developement of this law; and the sceptic need but glance at the annals of any family to perceive that, as certainly as physical forms and family likenesses are propagated, "the sins of the fathers are visited upon the children." Most true it is, that the natural laws may not be violated with impunity, and that ignorance of those laws cannot be pleaded in bar of the punishment. It may also be added, that the punishment inflicted is generally analogous to that species of vice in which the man had indulged. Thus, for example, the children of drunkards often manifest so strong a passion for strong drinks, that education cannot eradicate the tendency: so, where parents are nervously irritable, we may trace the same characteristic in

*The following classification of the human species is a slight modification of that published in my Crania Americana. The Races correspond with those in Prof. Blumenbach's system, which latter differs but little from that of Buffon. The subdivision into Families is based upon ethnographic analogies, both physical and philological.

I. CAUCASIAN RACE.-A. The Japetic or Indo-European Branch. 1. The Pelasgic or Caucasian Family. 2. The Germanic Family. 3. The Celtic Family. 4. The Indostanic Family.-B. The Semitic or SyroArabian Branch. 5. The Arabian Family. 6. The Hebrew Family.C. The Hamitic or Egypto-Libyan Branch. 7. The Nilotic or Egyptian Family. 8. The Libyan Family.

II. THE MONGOLIAN RACE. 9. The Mongol-Tartar Family. 10. The Turkish Family.* 11. The Chinese Family. 12. The Indo-Chinese Family.† 13. The Polar Family.

III. THE MALAY RACE. 14. The Malay Family. 15. The Polynesian Family.

IV. THE AMERICAN RACE. 16. The American Family. 17. The Toltecan Family.

V. THE NEGRO RACE. 18. The Negro Family. 19. The Caffrarian Family. 20. The Austral-African or Hottentot Family. 21. The OceanicNegro Family. 22. The Australian Family.

* The Turks are a mixed family of the Caucasian and Mongolian races, in which the latter predominates.

†The Indo-Chinese nations may yet prove to belong to the Malay race. Called the Ethiopian race by Professor Blumenbach.

their offspring, but in increased intensity; and cases have fallen under my notice where the fearfulest abuse of Amativeness might be traced as the fatal legacy of progenitors. If men, then, choose to indulge in ungoverned passion, the penalty must be paid; for as certainly as desolation follows in the track of the hurricane, will vicious indulgence be tracked by physical or mental agony.

Nor is this result confined to those abuses of the faculties of which society, to protect its interests, takes legal cognizance; but the same law is traceable in connection with those breaches of morality which are rarely denounced, because they are sanctioned by general example. It does not, however, enter into my present object to develope this result of the transgression of what are called the "minor morals," but I shall confine myself to the consideration of a few facts connected with the misuse of the organ of Acquisitiveness, with especial reference to that reflex influence which its abuse by society has upon our criminal population.

Probably no organ is more active in the British head than that of Acquisitiveness; it is that characteristic which first strikes the stranger who visits our shores, and the powerful manifestation of which led Bonaparte to designate us as a "nation of shopkeepers." In addition to its natural great development in the British head, it is placed as it were from earliest youth in a hot-bed of excitement; for the customsthose unwritten but most influential laws-of society stimulate it to the most intense activity; and, as almost all classes indulge its cravings to the utmost, the mere acquirement or maintenance of a respectable position requires the most energetic action of Acquisitiveness. It need scarcely be remarked, that the mere principle of trade, "to buy cheap and sell dear," needs the antagonism of powerful Conscientiousness to preclude that utter selfishness which is synonymous with utter demoralization; and, feebly developed as that organ is in the mass of mankind, we can scarcely be surprised that the majority succumb before a temptation in the propriety of which they are educated both at home and abroad. Not only our legislative, but our social institutions, are based upon a property qualification. It needs but a cursory glance to perceive that the mere possession of high intellectual or moral qualities, however much they may illustrate, are no passports to public consideration: the Arkwrights who know how to trade, supplant the Cramptons, who only know how to invent; and, by the mass of what are called the "respectable classes,' the accumulation or display of wealth appears to be considered as that all in all for which man was created, and failure

in which would render the earth a blank. Thus society, although it repudiates the idea, is seen to be immersed in the rankest idolatry, and the god whom it venerates iswealth!

And now follows the punishment interwoven into cerebral abuse. The very nature of Acquisitiveness is indicative of un-satisfaction. It can never know when it has had enough ; nay, it never can have enough, for, if it act at all, its very utterance must be " You have not enough, and therefore must acquire!" We are not, therefore, to be surprised when we perceive the miser eagerly adding to a gold-chest which is already full to repletion; for what wise men know to be sufficient to guard against those casualties, the knowledge of which legitimatises the action of Acquisitiveness, he, influenced by the organ, conceives to be far below that enough; and, by the time that enough is acquired, the mere growth of the organ has necessarily enlarged the conception of enough -the very fact of growth, including the seeds of farther and indefinite growth. Thus, to the lip of the victim of ungoverned Acquisitiveness, is presented a Tantalus-cup, ever alluring to untasted pleasure, but never quenching the thirst. A further evil result of abused Acquisitiveness must be noticed. It seems to be a peculiarly isolating organ; its indulgence neutralizes, and at length precludes the operation of the less self-preferring organs-those organs which teach men that, whatever be their accidental station, they belong to the same great human brotherhood, and that that man has not fulfilled his duty to society who has not loved and served others as well as himself. It is to the dictum of this organ, in conjunction with Self-Esteem, that we must ascribe the origination of that false principle of caste which is as well defined among the British as among the Hindoos; it is through the influence of this organ that we find friendship too generally based on the purse rather than on the man; it is to this cause that we trace the general surrender of high mental powers to mere money-getting, which, if properly directed, were calculated to lead men in their social advance ; and thus the demoralization proceeds until the one rampant principle is selfism, the sentiments become callous, the intellectual range narrowed, and wealth, if it does not become confounded with, is preferred to, happiness. A cordon is at length drawn, whereby the wealthy are separated from the poorer classes, as if the latter were infected with deadliest plague, by which the one becomes inflated with an impertinent arrogance, and the other is degraded to abject servility, or unredeemable brutality.