66 both sides; but the instance now cited confirms Mr Combe's ideas. Dr Szokalski, who reports it, uses the very illustration of the man's actual mode of perception, which Mr C. employed eighteen years ago in answering the reviewer's objections. Every object," says he, "presented itself to his mind as a copper-plate or bas-relief. The sky, the trees, &c. all appeared to him of a grey tint." We regret that this person's case was not more fully investigated, in regard to the extent of his perception of forms by the eye. 66 In vol. vii. p. 148, we quoted the case of Dr Dalton of Manchester, in whom the power of distinguishing certain colours was very defective. Blue, purple, pink, and crimson, all appeared to him to be blues, and with respect to various other colours his perceptions were equally anomalous. To account for the defect, he conjectured that one of the humours of his eyes must have been a transparent but coloured medium, so constituted as to absorb red and green rays principally, and to transmit blue and other colours more perfectly. I suppose," says he, "it must be the vitreous humour, otherwise, I apprehend, it might be discovered by inspection, which has not been done."-(Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 1798, vol. v. part. i. p. 28, &c.) We learn from the Manchester Guardian of 3d August 1844, that Dr Dalton's eyes were examined by his medical attendant Mr Ransome, on Saturday 27th July, the day of his death," with reference to this visual peculiarity; but," adds the journalist," we have not heard the result, so as to state it with precision; and it will, doubtless, ere long, be laid before the scientific world.” ""* *The following particulars are mentioned in the same paper:-" On Saturday afternoon, Mr Politi, having obtained permission, took a plaster cast of the head and face of the deceased philosopher. On the same afternoon, an examination of the brain was made by Mr J. A. Ransome, surgeon, the deceased's friend and medical attendant, in the presence of Dr Lyon, Mr W. J. Wilson, surgeon, and Mr Tomlinson, house-surgeon at the Manchester Royal Infirmary. This examination was a careful and very minute one; and it was found that the left hemisphere of the brain was rather softer than the right, and that there was a very small cyst (or bag containing morbid matter), not larger than a pea, on the left side of the brain, in the medullary part, near the outer edge, and just above the top of the ear. This cyst was filled with a brownish pulpy mass, rather thinner in consistency than the surrounding brain. In other respects, the brain appeared very healthy, and presented no unusual appearances. It was not thought necessary to open the body. Immediately after this examination, Mr William Bally, who arrived too late to take the cast of the head and face, took one of the interior of the cranium and also of the cyst, of which he is to make a model in wax.' The Manchester Courier of 17th August contains the following announce IV. The Cerebral Development of Dr Justus Liebig; with Remarks, by WILLIAM GREGORY, M.D., F.R.S.E., Professor of Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh. During Professor Liebig's late visit to Edinburgh, I was fortunately enabled to have his cerebral development examined, under very favourable circumstances. As he was staying in my house, I had opportunities of knowing that his mind was quite unprejudiced, and prepared to receive information on the subject of Phrenology candidly and with interest, shewing an obvious desire to be made acquainted with facts. I therefore introduced him to Mr Combe, Dr A. Combe, Mr Simpson, Mr R. Cox, and other phrenologists; and as it was arranged that he should meet Dr A. Combe at Mr Combe's house, I requested him to allow his head to be manipulated there, to which he immediately agreed, and the examination was accordingly made by Mr Combe, Dr A. Combe, Mr R. Cox, and myself, with the utmost care. Knowing his dispositions so well as I have long done, my judgment of the development might have been suspected; but I was much pleased to find, that the other gentlemen agreed both among themselves and with me, in regard to the actual development; and the names of these three phrenologists will, I am sure, be considered a sufficient guarantee for the accuracy of the following details. It may even be considered by many, that a development so guaranteed is preferable to a cast of the head, inasmuch as no cast is free from a certain amount of error in size, whether general or partial. I have made these observations because it appears to me, that the cerebral development of one who has stamped its peculiar character on the Chemistry of the last twenty years, and whose ment:" Mr Bally, of King Street, has just completed an exquisite little bust of the lamented philosopher, reduced from a cast taken after death. In height it is about eight inches, and, being a fac-simile of the one taken after death, is one of the best likenesses we have yet seen. Mr Bally has also taken a cast of the philosopher's brain, which possesses a very remarkable feature in its organization. It is well known that Dalton was unable to distinguish colours, and we find that on both sides of the frontal sinus the phrenological organ answering to the faculty is singularly defective, there being a high ridge, and corresponding indent in the brain, precisely where the organ is placed by phrenologists." We saw in Mr Bally's possession, last August, a cast of the superorbital surface on which the anterior lobes had rested, and certainly there did appear to have been a high ridge indenting the brain at the situation of each organ of Colouring. Mr Bally stated that no peculiarity had been found in the humours of the eye; but we look forward with some interest to the publication of a scientific report of the post-mortem appear ances. writings are exercising a daily increasing influence, not only among scientific men, but among all who are interested in the useful arts, forms a most interesting study for the phrenologist, as on the character of this development will depend whether the impression made by Liebig in science is to be a permanent or only a passing one. Greatest circumference of head, From ear to ear vertically over the top of the head, Firmness, Destructiveness to Destructiveness, Cautiousness to Cautiousness, Ideality to Ideality, Constructiveness to Constructiveness, Inches. 221 14 7 Size of anterior lobe very large, the lower region predominating. Do. above Causality, large. Temperament, bilious-nervous, with a little sanguine. 1. Amativeness, rather large, 16 | 17. Hope, rather large, 2. Philoprogenitiveness, full or rather large, 3. Concentrativeness, large, or large, 4. Adhesiveness, large, 5. Combativeness, full, rather 18. Wonder, large, 15 19. Ideality, large, 20. Wit, or Mirthfulness, full, 6. Destructiveness, very large, 20 24. Size, large, Alimentiveness, large, 7. Secretiveness, large, 18 25. Weight, large, 16 18 18 14 16 18 26. Colouring, rather large, 16 8. Acquisitiveness, rather large, 16 27. Locality, large, 9. Constructiveness, rather 28. Number, full, 16 30. Eventuality, large, 11. Love of Approbation, large, 18 31. Time, large, 18 32. Tune, full, 18 33. Language, full, 20 34. Comparison, large, 15. Firmness, very large, The foregoing must strike every phrenologist as a remarkable development. In the first place, although, from its fine proportions, the head does not at first strike the eye as unusually large, it is in reality one of great size, as proved by the measurements; farther, as the measurements also shew, the great mass of brain lies in the anterior lobe and coronal region. Secondly, The temperament is of the first quality, both for activity and endurance; and, taking these things together, we may safely say, that it would be difficult to find a more favourable combination of moral and intellectual power, or one better calculated to take and preserve a place in the highest rank among men of science. The size of the anterior lobe is unusually great. It is long, high, and broad; the latter dimension especially is remarkable, as is shewn by the measurements, from Ideality to Ideality, from Constructiveness to Constructiveness, and others. In the German head, the upper (reflective) region of the anterior lobe often predominates over the lower (perceptive) region; and the result is obvious in the speculative and reflective character of German writings in general, and their frequent deficiency in practical observation. In this head, although the reflecting region is well developed, the predominance lies in the knowing organs; and there can be little doubt, that to this combination may be traced the success of Liebig as a chemist. His acuteness of observation is unrivalled, and his chemical papers are models of accurate description of facts and phenomena, as well as of profound and logical reasoning from these. It will be seen, that all the perceptive organs are largely developed, only Number, Tune, and Language, being in some degree inferior to the rest. Of the singular acuteness of observation arising from the great Individuality, Form, Size, Weight, Colour, and Order, I may mention the following illustration. A good many years ago, Liebig had occasion to make some observations on, and an analysis of, a crystallized substance which occurs in the allantoic fluid of the fœtal calf, and which had been called Allantoic acid. Long afterwards, when engaged, along with Wöhler, in the celebrated researches on Uric acid, he obtained crystals, which, being analyzed, gave a result very different from that of the analysis of Allantoic acid, and which were therefore supposed not to be at all connected with that substance, although containing the same elements in different proportions. on looking at these latter crystals, which were very small, Liebig observed, in their form, lustre, and general characters, so great a resemblance to the crystals of Allantoic acid, which he had not seen for several years, that, in spite of the discordant results of analysis, he expressed his conviction that they were the same substance. This opinion he was soon after enabled to test, by finding a few grains of the former Allantoic acid; which, when thoroughly purified, and analyzed by the more accurate method now introduced, finally gave the very same analytical results, and which was thus proved to be the same compound. In the hands of ninetynine men out of a hundred, the similarity in minute points of external character would have been overlooked, or, if ob But served, would not have been attended to in the face of the two first analyses: whereas the accuracy of Liebig's observations made him feel confident, even against his own analyses. With reference to the reflective faculties, the whole works of Liebig are full of striking examples of their power and activity. It is a leading characteristic of his mind, never to look on an experiment, save as the means of answering some question put by the reflecting faculties; and never to make experiments blindfold, for the chance of stumbling on some new phenomenon. The latter practice is common enough, when the reflecting faculties are deficient; but it is their vigour in Liebig which, by giving to all his researches a definite object, has rendered them so fruitful in important practical results. As fine examples of the action of this invaluable mental quality, may be mentioned his splendid researches on the urine, and those which he has caused to be made on the bile, which alone are sufficient to stamp him as the founder of true physiological chemistry. It is also to the great activity of the reflective and perceptive faculties combined, that we must attribute the fertility of his mind in original discovery. Subjects which, in other hands, have appeared exhausted and uninteresting, have often, in his, turned out to be rich mines of discovery. He is himself so little aware of the real source of his original sagacity, that he has often repeated, in his writings, as well as verbally, that any man who chooses may make discoveries in chemistry; that we have only to stoop down and pick up discoveries from the ground. But before we can follow his example in this respect, we must have an organization similar to his; and this is an advantage enjoyed by few. I might expatiate much longer on Liebig's intellectual character, which I have long carefully studied; but space fails, and I rather proceed to some other points. I shall only add here, that, as a lecturer, Liebig is unsurpassed. Without the least pretensions to eloquence; nay, with no great fluency of speech, he has the inestimable gift, as a teacher, of never using a superfluous word, and of adducing illustrations at once beautiful and apposite in the highest degree. Looking to the moral faculties, we find a very fine organization. Benevolence, Veneration, and Conscientiousness, are all very largely developed; and perhaps one of his most striking features is the pure and intense love of truth,-a quality which, even in a scientific point of view, is invaluable, shining brightly forth in the minute accuracy of his researches, and giving double value to all his statements. In his dealings with others, he is equally distinguished for kind |