In 1915 the Macbeth-Evans Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., undertook the manufacture of watch crystals, but with poor success, and subsequently discontinued their manufacture. Shortly afterwards the Waterbury Clock Co., Waterbury, Conn., built a plant and began the manufacture of crystals, with fair success. The crystals made by this company are said to be accepted by the trade as equal to the European crystals and as better in quality than those imported from Japan. In 1918 the Waterbury Clock Co. manufactured 14,070,960 watch crystals.

There are said to be certain difficulties attending the production of watch crystals that explain why the industry has never progressed in this country.

Glass is of such a nature that uniformity of product can not be counted on, making most uncertain the cost of the material itself. "The grinding and shaping of the crystal in its manufacture is not on such positive lines that the required size can be obtained. "The more extended the business the greater the opportunity of utilizing off sizes, otherwise valueless."

Imports.-None separately recorded since 1918.

Exports.-None recorded.

Important changes in classification.-New specific provision.

Description and use.-Pig iron is classified as Bessemer, basic, low phosphorus, foundry, malleable, forge, and the ferroalloys. The first three are usually manufactured into steel; the next three into castings or into wrought iron; and the last are used to purify and give certain desirable qualities to steel. Spiegeleisen is an alloy of iron and manganese, having a manganese content between 10 and 45 per cent, the commercial grade in this country being about 20 per cent; a 10 to 12 per cent alloy, however, is also marketed in Europe. Iron kentledge is pig iron shipped on a vessel as ballast. Wrought iron is the purest form of iron used and can be forged, rolled, or welded. It is made by puddling pig iron. Cast iron is pig iron run into molds when molten or reheated and allowed to cool. Waste or old wrought iron and old cast iron, as well as waste or old steel, constitute scrap. Scrap tin plate is old or waste tin plate, a form of steel scrap consisting mainly of clip; pings and valuable principally for the tin which may be recovered

from it. Scrap is largely used in open-hearth furnaces in the manufacture of steel.

Production. Domestic pig-iron production in 1913 was 30,966,152 long tons out of an estimated world total of 72,400,000 tons. In 1918 it was 39,054,644 long tons, valued at $1,180,759,565, and in 1920, 36,925,987 long tons. The leading States are Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and New York. The output of spiegeleisen in 1913 amounted to 110,338 gross tons; in 1918, to 283,853 gross tons; and in 1920, to 111,449 gross tons.

In 1913 the pig-iron production of Germany was 18,987,039 Tons of the United Kingdom, 10,316,265 tons; and of France 5.227.378 tons. In 1917 the output of Germany was 12,932,338 gross tons and of the United Kingdom 9,640,936 gross tons. These Countries are also large producers of spiegeleisen and ferromanganese, Germany's output in 1917 aggregating 316,577 gross tons. Imports during the calendar years 1918-1921 were as follows:

All other" means pig iron proper-i. e., pig iron other than spiegeleisen, ferromanganese, iron kent, and during some years, ferrosilicon.

Imports of pig iron come chiefly from England and Canada; and serap iron and steel, largely from Čanada.

Exports in the calendar years 1918-1921 of pig iron and of scrap Ton and steel were as follows:

No exports of iron kentledge, spiegeleisen, or scrap tin plate are recorded.

The pig iron goes mainly to Canada, Italy, the Netherlands, and Belgium, and the scrap iron and scrap steel, to Canada, the United Kingdom, China, Hongkong, and Japan.

Important changes in classification.-Iron in pigs, iron kentledge, spiegeleisen, wrought iron and scrap iron and scrap steel are exempt

from duty under paragraph 518 of the act of 1913. In the act of 1913 ferromanganese as well as spiegeleisen was placed with pig iron, but in H. R. 7456 it has been transferred to the paragraph which deals with the ferroalloys. The dividing line between spiegeleisen and ferromanganese was fixed by the War Industries Board at 45 per cent manganese content. This dividing line had never been definitely determined in trade practice, as standard spiegeleisen has a manganese content from 18 to 22 per cent and standard ferromanganese, a manganese content from 70 to 80 or 82 per cent. Tiemann, an authority, makes the dividing line 30 per cent manganese.

Suggested changes. Spiegeleisen is a ferroalloy as much as ferromanganese and ferrosilicon, which are included in the paragraph devoted to the ferroalloys. It is suggested, therefore, that spiegeleisen be transferred from this paragraph to the following one. (See Ferromanganese, par. 302, p. 367.)

The Treasury Department held that the provision for scrap tin in paragraph 631 of the act of 1913 includes scrap tin plate. The provision for scrap steel might be construed to include alloy steel, especially tungsten steel, a much more expensive material than ordinary scrap steel. In order to obviate this construction a proviso reading somewhat as follows might be inserted: "Provided further, That alloy steels valued at 7 cents per pound or more shall not be classed as scrap iron or scrap steel.'

Page 39, line 3, H. R. 7456: Change "per cent" to "per centum" to agree with usage elsewhere in H. R. 7456.

H. R. 7456.

PARAGRAPH 302.

PAR. 302. Manganese ore or concentrates containing in excess of 30 per centum of metallic manganese, 1 cent per pound on the metallic manganese contained therein; molybdenum ore or concentrates, 75 cents per pound on the metallic molybdenum contained therein; tungsten ore or concentrates, 45 cents per pound on the metallic tungsten contained therein; ferromanganese containing more than 1 per centum of carbon, 2} cents per pound on the metallic manganese contained therein: Provided, That ferromanganese for the purposes of this Act shall be such iron manganese alloys as contain 45 per centum or more of manganese; manganese metal, manganese silicon, manganese boron, and ferromanganese and spiegeleisen containing not more than 1 per centum of carbon, 2 cents per pound on the manganese contained therein and 28 per centum ad valorem; ferromolybdenum, metallic molybdenum, molybdenum powder, calcium molybdate, and all other compounds and alloys of molybdenum, $1.25 per pound on the molybdenum contained therein and 17 per centum ad valorem;

SENATE AMENDMENTS.