"In England Christianity stands firm as a rock, notwithstanding the countless sects which are constantly springing up, and show the fertility of the soil." (Quart. Rev. No. 132, p. 560.) The last remark offers the most consolatory view of a subject so deplorable in many respects, the number of sects in England. I would also quote, for earlier testimonies, the late Dr. Hawker, in his "Portrait of an En, glish Bishop of the sixteenth century:" "The high esteem entertained by all the learned on the Continent for the English divines of the reformed church, cannot be better conceived than by recording a well-known adage of the times. It was the usual phrase abroad, when speaking of our clergy, to say, Clerici Anglicani stupor mundi, The English clergy are the world's wonder.' And it was almost proverbial, when

any minister in the Lutheran churches on the Continent excelled in preaching, to say, Percipimus hunc hominem fuisse in Anglid, We perceive this man hath been in England.'" p. 33.

While closing this letter, Mr. Urban, I would enquire who was archbishop of Narbonne at the time when the Cardinal Lomenie became prime minister in France? I ask the question with reference to the animated conversation which is said to have taken place between them on that occasion.

If this letter should meet the eyes of Mr. Keightley, the latest historian of England, and one of the ablest, I would suggest his undertaking a History of Ireland, which, I believe, is his native country. He is equally calculated to analyse its fabulous and relate its genuine history. Yours, &c.

CYDWELI.

MR URBAN, July 18. THERE was another art, practised by the Italian goldsmiths of the fourteenth century, which might equally with Nielli have led to copper-plate engraving, and which is not mentioned by Duchesne.

I allude to the art of engraving scarcely more than a mere outline, on a silver plaque, and afterwards covering the whole surface of the plaque with a semi-transparent enamel of various colours. I have found this enamel, when injured, much too easily detach itself from the silver, leaving

the plaques entirely free from it, and then perfectly representing a niello on a white ground, previously to the application of the black enamel into the graved lines, &c. as detailed in my last communication.

I have in my collection a sacramental cup, presumed to be of the fourteenth century, part of the stem of which is a globular projection, in which are inserted six medallions of this work. The aureoles round the heads of saints are yellow; the faces and hands of a pinkish colour; the clothing purple, green, &c. And this art appears to be that which immediately preceded enamelling on copper, and without an engraved outline, that acquired, by the works of Léonard and P. Nouailher the elder, so much reputation at Limoges in the middle of the sixteenth century.

The finest specimens of the work, I have described as on the cup, that I can write of with certainty are the plaques inserted in the head of the crosier of William of Wickham, at New College, Oxford; and I think it not unlikely, that some of those objects described in the Catalogue, in the Essai of Monsieur Duchesne, as silver Nielli, may be small round medallions, similar to those of the sacramental cup, denuded of their enamel; by no means, however, the less rare and valuable as historical ob

jects, should they be reclaimed to this class in the history of the early arts.

There is in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford an oval medallion covered

with crystal, and deposited in an armoire; and one is permitted to see it so imperfectly, that, notwithstanding it is described by the attendant to be a picture made with feathers of humming birds, yet I am inclined to believe it is far more choice than a mere curiosity of that sort; and I ventured to think it was a similar enamel to those so exquisite and unsurpassable of Andrea Mantegna, which I had never seen but once before, two of them inserted in a rich flat-sided golden ewer, in some collection in Italy, now more than twenty years ago; and, if I be right, I should class it, next in time, after those enamels on silver previously engraved, like those of William of Wickham's crosier, should it not prove to be a very superior specimen of the same engraved kind.

Duchesne makes allusion to the works of the Italians, called Agemina. I have a specimen now before me. It appears to be highly wrought iron, with a design chiselled out, then by some process, probably aided by fire, silver most firmly inlaid therein; which silver was subsequently finished as foliages, &c. by being chased, and the whole design left somewhat in relief, the iron ground remaining perfectly plain, and producing as a whole a most charming contrast and effect.

This work is not of so early an origin as the Nielli, or the Enamels I have first alluded to, and evidently took its rise from the Damasquinure of the Turks; and from a passage in the Life of Cellini, it appears that celebrated artist was among the first who made the agemina, but he states he wrought it in iron and gold, All the works I have seen in agemina have been with silver. There are two sword-handles of it in the collection at Warwick Castle; and it is, very occasionally, bought here for the Museums of the Continent and America, not having yet attracted the notice of collectors in England, except as an adjunct to other matters less precious than itself, and our own most extraordinary Government not having, even at this late hour, turned its attention to form a collection of the works of the middle ages; found too, by experience, to be by far the most interesting to every class of persons.

I am aware of the silver inlayings in bronze found at Pompeii, but I am confining myself to the periods of the middle ages, and of the revival of the arts.

Agemina might have led to copperplate engraving, although less obviously than the nielli, and the engraved enamels; but its later date precludes it entirely, I think, from any consideration in the history of that

art.

Before I conclude, I wish to state, that when I was last at the Ashmolean Museum, I mentioned to the attendant, that the jewel of Alfred the Great there appeared to me to have been attached originally to a circlet of gold, or the then crown of the period, and was not the top of his walkingstick, for which its want of solidity is but ill suited. I little thought, then,

that such a jewel existed as that in the possession of Mr. C. R. Smith, F.A.S. which I have seen to-day; wherein, of the period, or antecedent to the time of Alfred, is represented a Queen, with a circlet on her head, with three ornaments on the circlet, precisely similar to that called Alfred's jewel at Oxford, which most completely proves my previous conjecture.

The jewel in the Museum of Mr. Smith, like that of Alfred, is of Byzantine enamel; and the earliest specimen of it I know, is that medallion, placed in a glass case at the coin room, in the Royal Library at Paris.

This portion of the diadem of Alfred should be restored to the Crown of England. It is worthy of it for itself, and merits, after the cross, to be its chiefest earthly ornament; for the veneration the Sovereign and people must needs bear for ever to the memory of so great a King. Yours, &c.

MR. URBAN,

S. P. C.

Aug. 2. SEVERAL recent writers (amongst the rest, Dr. Dibdin, in his Literary Companion,) say, "it is generally supposed that the first edition of Robinson Crusoe appeared in 1719, in 2 vols. 8vo." Now upon one, if not on both, of these points I think there is some doubt. Before me is a copy of the first edition of the "second and last part" of "the farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. London, printed for W. Taylor, at the Ship, in Paternoster-row, 1719." (This is in 8vo. 373 pp.) In the Preface, alluding to the first part, the editor says, “all the endeavours of envious people to reproach it with being a romanceto search it for errors in geography— inconsistency in the relation, and contradiction in the facts-have proved abortive, and as impotent as malicious." He is very severe upon the abridgers of the work, as scandalous, knavish, and ridiculous." And "the injury these men do to the proprietor of this work, is a practice all honest men abhor; and he believes he may challenge them to show the difference between that and robbing on the highway, or breaking open an house." After the Preface, follows an advertisement of "just published, the fourth edition of the Life and strange sur

soe;

prising Adventures of Robinson Cru" and to this edition is a map, printed for W. Taylor, at the Ship, in Paternoster-row, and concluding with an N.B. to "caution the public against the pretended abridgement clandestinely printed for T. Cox, at the Amsterdam Coffee House, consisting of some scattered passages, &c. &c. and the proprietor intending to prosecute the venders," &c.

The dispute between these rival publishers is a matter not unknown to the public. Is it an ascertained fact, that the first edition was in 2 vols. 8vo. ? Certainly the fourth edition, as above alluded to, was in one volume. Further, it is asserted, that it first appeared before the public in a periodical—“ Heathcote's Intelligencer;" the last portion dated 7th Oct. 1719. This seems singular, when I point out that the fourth collected edition was certainly out that year (and possibly yet more).

As every thing relating to the work is interesting and curious, perhaps some of your readers can throw some further light upon the actual dates and numbers of the earlier editions of this work of De Foe. Yours, &c.

MANCUNIENSIS.

MR. URBAN, Epsom, Aug. 6. THAT part of Britain which now constitutes the counties of Surrey and Sussex was, in the time of Cæsar, inhabited by a people called Bibroci. They were afterwards the Regni of Ptolemy.

Their change of name may be accounted for by the circumstance recorded by Tacitus, who informs us that Claudius gave certain cities to King Cogidunus, because he remained faithful to the Romans: and Richard of Cirencester, in speaking of this matter, says, certain cities were yielded to Cogidunus that he might form a kingdom (ut inde sibi conderet Regnum). I apprehend, therefore, that the Regni continued under the govern ment of their native princes, and were but little interfered with by the Romans. The inscription found at Chichester, more than a century ago, serves, in some measure, to shew, that Cogidunus was King of the Bibroci.

Some of our eminent antiquaries

have assigned portions of Hampshire and Berkshire to the Regni, but I think the territory of this people did not extend beyond Surrey and Sussex. Ptolemy speaks of the Regni and their town Neomagus.

Richard of Cirencester's account of this people is as follows :—

"The vast forest called by some the Anderidan, and by others the Caledonian, stretches from Cantium an hundred and fifty miles, through the countries of the Bibroci and the Segontiaci, to the confines of the Hedui. The Bibroci were situated next to the Cantii, and, as some imagine, were subject to them." "They were also called Rhemi [pro Regni], and are not unknown in record. They inhabited Bibrocum, Regentium and Noviomagus, which was their metropolis. The Romans held Anderida."

Bibrocum was, as I believe, the Pontes of Antoninus, and which I place at Walton-upon-Thames. There are many reasons which induce me to conclude that Walton was the site of Pontes, and that it was identical with Richard's Bibrocum.*

Regentium (the Regnum of Antoninus) was undoubtedly at Chiches

ter.

Noviomagus (which seems to have been the chief town of the Regni, as said by Ptolemy) is mentioned in the 2nd Iter of Antoninus, and in two of the Iters of Richard of Cirencester, viz. the 15th and 17th, and was at Carshalton and Wallington in Surrey. The reasons given for placing this station elsewhere do not deserve much attention.

With regard to Anderida, it should be particularly observed that Richard closes his account of the Bibroci (or Regni) by saying the Romans held Anderida. The only importance I attach to this is, that they garrisoned Anderida, whilst the Britons them. selves held the other towns, under the stipulation made in the time of Claudius with Cogidunus, as above mentioned. In placing Anderida at Arundel, I differ with all preceding writers

* See a paper of mine in the Gentleman's Magazine for March 1841, upon the subject; and see some Remarks among the Minor Correspondence for April.

on the subject; but there can scarcely exist a doubt upon it: and I cannot avoid expressing some little surprise that what seems to me so obvious should have been overlooked. Anderida is mentioned in the Notitia Imperii as then occupied by a detach. ment of the Abulei. This place is also noticed in the 15th and 17th Iter of Richard. To whatever period Richard's Itinerary refers, it is, I conclude, much anterior to the Notitia.

Portus Adurni, another station mentioned in the Notitia, was at Shoreham. See Camden.

For many ages after the establishment of the Roman power in this island, it seems that no attention was paid to this portion of it, by the Romans, in consequence, probably, of the yielding it to Cogidunus, as previously mentioned. The great forest above alluded to, and the deep soil of the country between the South Downs and the Surrey Hills, rendered the communication between London and the Sussex coast difficult and uncertain; and it is plain from the 7th Iter of Antoninus, that, at that time, the road from Regnum (Chichester) to London was through Winchester, and otherwise very circuitous.

The 15th Iter of Richard of Cirencester describes a journey from Anderida (Arundel) to York. No station is mentioned in it before Noviomagus, which is more than forty miles from Anderida, if we except Sylva Anderida. The meaning of this is, that the route to Noviomagus was through the forest of Anderida. This way could have been passable only in summer. That there were many tracks and ways through the forest, it is natural to suppose and I presume there was one more frequented than the others, which led through the forest to Horsham, and from thence (viâ Reigate) to the Surrey hills, and on to Novio

magus.

This road may, I think, be traced from the frequent occurrence of the term gate in the names of places on or about this line. In later times, but during the Roman period, there arose, I presume, on this line, two towns or stations which are mentioned in the

* A Saxon term for a road or way.

Catalogue of the Geographer of Ravenna, namely, Ravimago, now Horsham, and Omire, now Gatton. In fact, the attacks made on the southern coast of this island, in the fourth century, by the Franks, Saxons, &c. called the attention of the Romans, throughout that century, to this part of the island, and particularly to the want of roads between London and this coast; it being almost certain that no formed road existed at that period.

With reference to Horsham being the ancient Ravimago, I beg to observe that the present name is evidently Saxon; but the old one is retained in a hamlet, or some portion of the parish, now called Roffey; and probably the name was originally written Rauvimago. The incorrectness in names in the Catalogue above alluded to is well known.

In placing Omire at Gatton, I am strongly induced by the circumstance of the subjacent country being still known by the name of Homesdale and Homewood. The tradition of Gatton having been a Roman town is well known. Moreover, Omire, in the Geographer's Catalogue, is mentioned in conjunction with Tedertis, which was, I have no doubt, the then neighbouring Roman station at Walton-upon-theHill (where Roman remains have been found), and the ancient name, Tedertis, is still retained in Tadworth, a considerable hamlet adjoining. At the end of the fourth century, during the reign of Arcadius and Honorius, much attention was paid to defending the southern coast, and it was not, in my opinion, until that time that the two great roads from London to that coast were made.

One of these roads led to Arundel (the Anderida of the Romans); and the other to Shoreham (Portus Adurni). It appears by the Notitia that both these stations were then garrisoned.

These roads are still traced through a great part of their course. Their point of commencement was, I presume, at or about Newington. A Janus's head was found hereabouts. The road to Arundel (which I presume to have been the more considerable of the two) passed through the place now called Ewell, Dorking, Billingshurst, and Pulboro'; and I believe

that the stations on this road are all mentioned in the Catalogue of the Geographer by the names of CANCA,

DOLOCINDA,

CLAVINIO OF CLAVIMO,
BOLVELAUNIO.

Canca was, I think, at Ewell, where many Roman coins have been found, and tradition gives it an importance in former times.

Dolocindo was at Dorking, where much of the road has been traced by myself; and many coins and other Roman remains have been discovered. Dorking was, in my opinion, a British

town.

Clavinio, or Clavimo, was on or near a spot now called Clemsfold (near Slinfold, in Sussex), where coins and other remains have been found. A bridge here is now called the Roman Bridge.

Bolvelaunio was at Pulboro', which has always been considered a Roman station.

The other road passed through Croydon to Shoreham (Portus Adurni), and perhaps it is not so well traced as the one to Arundel, but still enough has been discovered to shew pretty accurately its course. I am induced to think that the stations on this road were,

ANICETIS,

MEIEZO, or MOIEZO, IBERNIO,

LINDINIS ;

which are also mentioned in the aforesaid Catalogue.

Anicetis was, I am inclined to believe, at Croydon. The name is perhaps retained in Addington and Addiscombe. A Roman road has been discovered in the neighbourhood of Croydon; and this place has been supposed by some to have been the Noviomagus of the Itinerary, but in my opinion erroneously so."

*

Meiezo, or Moiezo, was probably at a place now called Meistham, but written (as I think incorrectly) Merstham; between which and East Grinstead much of this road has been discovered, and much well known as an old Roman road.

* At all events, Croydon is a place of considerable antiquity.

Ibernio I place at East Grinstead, and think that the name is retained in Imberhorn, a place in that neighbourhood. Perhaps Ibernio is a contraction of Imbernio; the leaving out an m being very common in Latin written with abbreviations.

Lindinis probably was at Lindfield, in Sussex, where a Roman road has been discovered, which went on to Shoreham (Portus Adurni). Camden was clearly of opinion that Portus Adurni was there, and there appears no reason to doubt it.

There are three other towns, or stations, mentioned in the Geographer's Catalogue, which I think are to be found within the limits of the Regni, namely, Morionio, Ardaoneon, and Leucomago.

I place Morionio at Kingston-uponThames. Matthew Paris tells us that the old name of this place was Moreford. Considerable Roman remains have been found here.

Ardaoneon I place at Guildford, for the reasons I have given in Brayley's new History of Surrey."

Leucomago we are to look for at Lewes. The name seems of British derivation, and was, in my opinion, expressive of the situation of Lewes as regards steepness. It is, undoubtedly, a very ancient place.

There is also a station called Onna in the said list of towns, which perhaps was at Wandsworth.

Although I have thus shortly explained my views with regard to the town, stations, &c. of the Regni, I must impress upon the minds of my readers, that the conclusions I have arrived at are the result of many years' attention to the subject. I have avoided giving reasons for my opinions, except in a few instances, as I intend to enter more elaborately into these inquiries at a future period; and perhaps I may then succeed in convincing some who are now disposed not to concur with me in my somewhat novel views of this subject.

Yours, &c. JAMES PUTTOCK,

MR. URBAN, Chart's Edge, July 19. IN the MS. Diary of Sir Edward Dering, the second Baronet, now in my possession, is a long account of that most amiable man's conference