ed, or, according to the old Scholiaft, beyond the limits of his farm, (ultra terminum,) a large wolf fled from him though unarmed, od. i. 22. and another day a tree was near crushing him by its fall, ib. ii. 13. 12. his prefervation from which, as from other dangers, he afcribes to the protection of heaven, ib. i. 17. 13.; ii. 17. 27.; iii. 4. 27.

In this villa Horace had a ftewart, (villicus) ep. i. 14. and alfo, as it is thought, a female overfeer, (villica), perhaps the wife of the former, od. iii. 23. and eight flaves, Sat. ii. 7. fin. Five families lived on the farm, the heads or masters of which (patres, fc. familiarum) used to go at certain times to Varia, a neighbouring town, to confult about the common affairs of that diftrict, ep. i. 14. 2.

IV. LATIUM, fuppofed to be fo called from Saturn lurking there when he fled from Jupiter, his quoniam latuiffet tutus in oris, Virg. Æn. viii. 323. and hence the people were named Latini; or, according to others, from a king called Latinus.This name was at first applied to a territory of very small extent; but it was afterwards greatly enlarged. It was anciently inhabited by various tribes, the Aborigines, Equi, Volfci, Hernici, Rutuli, Aurunci or Ausŏnes, Ofci, &c.

ROMA, Rome, fituate about twelve miles from the mouth of the Tiber; called Septicollis, from being built on seven hills. Romulus built only on the Palatine. Tullus added the Cœlian mount; Ancus, the Janiculum and Aventine; Servius, the Viminal, Quirinal, and Efquiline. Befides thefe, there were the Capitoline or Tarpeian mount, on the fide of which was the Tarpeian rock, from whence condemned criminals were thrown; collis Hortulorum; and the Vatician mount, now the most remarkable place in Rome; where are St Peter's Church, the Pope's palace, called the Vatican, and the caftle of St Angelo. -The circumference of the city was about thirteen miles; according to Pliny, twenty; and according to others, more. There is the fame uncertainty about the number of its inhabitants. Some make them amount to four millions. It was divided into fourteen regions. It had 644 towers on the walls, of which 300 remain, and 37 gates, the chief of which were, the Porta Capena, Carmentālis, Efquilina, and Triumphālis, It had feven aquæducts, to which Caligula added two more. Thefe conveyed water from the diftance of many miles. They were carried over vallies fupported chiefly on brick arches reared at a prodigious expence. Some of them continue to fupply Rome with water to this day. There were seve

ral Cloaca, or common fewers, for carrying off the filth of the city into the Tyber. The chief, called Cloaca Maxima, built by Tarquinius Superbus, was fo large that a loaded wain could pafs through it with eafe. At the foot of the Capitoline hill was the Forum, or public place; and between the Palatine and Aventine hills, the Circus Maximus, a mile in circumference. Along the Tiber was the Campus Martius, where the Comitia were held, and where the youth performed their exercises. The monuments ftill remaining fhew with what magnificence the temples, theatres, amphitheatres, therma or baths, and other public places were built.

Modern Rome covers nearly the fame space of ground it did in ancient times. The wall built by Belifarius, after he had defeated the Goths, is ftill ftanding, having been frequently repaired; it is about thirteen or fourteen miles in circuit, which is nearly the fize that Rome was of in the days of Vef pafian, Plin. iii. 5. f. 9. The fuburbs of ancient Rome are fupposed to have extended a great way, but to have been inhabited only by people of inferior rank; as there are no remains of palaces or magnificent buildings of any kind, to be now seen near the walls, or indeed over the whole Campania di Roma, which fome authors affert was at one period peopled like a continued village.

Some of the feven hills on which Rome was built, appear now but gentle fwellings, owing to the intervals between them being greatly raised by the rubbish of ruined houses. Some have fcarcely houses of any kind upon them, being entirely laid out in gardens and vineyards. It is thought that two thirds of the furface within the walls are in this fituation, or covered with ruins. The number of the inhabitants at prefent is reckoned to be about 170,000, which, although greatly inferior to what Rome contained in the days of its ancient power, is more than it has been for the most part fince that time. At particular periods, fome of them not very remote, the number has been reduced to between thirty and forty thoufand; it has gradually encreased during the whole of this century. it was lefs expenfive to purchase new ground for building upon, than to clear the old ruins, great part of the modern city is built on what was the ancient Campus Martius, a large plain of a triangular fhape; two fides of the triangle being formed by the Tiber, and the bafe by the capitol and the buildings, extending nearly three miles in a line parallel with it. Some of the principal ftreets are of confiderable length, and perfectly ftraight. That called Corfo is

As

the

the most frequented. It runs from the Porto del Popolo, along the fide of the Campus Martius, next to the ancient city. The fhops on each fide are three or four feet higher than the street; and there is a path for the conveniency of foot-paflengers on a level with the hops. The palaces in this street range in a line with the other houses, without any court before them. The principal street in the higher part of the city is the Strada Felice, about a mile and a half in length, from Trinità del Monte to the church of St John Lateran on the Pincean hill; croffed by another flraight ftreet, called the Strada di Porta Pia, because terminated at one end by that gate. The magnificence of the palaces, churches, fountains, and above all of the remains of antiquity, forms a striking contrast with the meanness of the rest of the city.

St Peter's church is reckoned one of the nobleft buildings that ever existed in the world. It ftands on the fame place where the Emperor Conftantine built a church in honour of the apostles, a. 324. and dedicated it to St Peter, because that apoftle was faid to have been buried near it. This church, although decorated at an enormous expence, and enriched by the moft fplendid donations from various princes, was in fo ruinous a condition, a. 1450, that Pope Nicolas V. formed the defign of rebuilding it from the foundation; but death prevented him from executing it. Julius II. employed Bramante Lazari, an eminent architect, to draw the plan. The work was continued under feveral of his fucceffors. Paul III. gave the direction of it to MICHAEL ANGELO, a famous painter and ftatuary, as well as an architect, who improved on the plan of Bramante, chiefly by the addition of the deme, which is eftcemed one of the boldeft defigns ever executed in architecture. The length of St Peter's church on the outfide is 730 feet; the breadth, 520; the height, from the pavement to the top of the crofs, which crowns the cupola, 450 feet. The grand portico before the entrance is 216 feet long, and 40 broad. The dome is raised on four pilafters, and is of the fame diameter with the Pantheon, which is the most entire antique temple in Rome, now called the Rotunda, from its round figure, about 150 feet high, and of nearly the fame breadth. The dome was reared by James de la Porte, at the expence of Pope Sextus V. The building of the church was finifhed under Paul V. by Charles Maderne. In the area before the portico ftands an Egyptian obelifk of granite, brought to Rome in the time of Caligula, Plin. xvi. 40. /. 76. about eighty feet high above the pedestal, with a git crofs on the top, which being overthrown by the barbarians,

lay

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lay long on the ground, and after various fruitless attempts to raise it, was at last set up in its prefent place, a. 1586, by Dominico Fontana, under the direction of Sextus V. who rose to be Pope from being a fwine-herd, and is faid to have done as much to adorn modern Rome, as Auguftus did to adorn the ancient city. On the right and left fide of the obelisk are two beautiful four-tains. A defcription of the ftatues, baffo relievos, columns, pictures, and other ornaments of this church, would fill volumes.

On the place where the ancient Capitol stood is built a modern palace, called the Campidoglio, in the two wings of which the Confervators or Ediles of the city have apartments; and in the main body refides an Italian nobleman, appointed by the Pope, with the title of Senator of Rome. The approach to this palace is very noble, and worthy of the genius of Michael Angelo, who drew the plan. The Tarpeian rock, which is a continuation of that on which the Capitol ftood, is, in that part whence criminals were thrown, now only 58 feet high; the ground at the bottom, from evident marks, is thought to be 20 feet higher than it was in ancient times; fo that this precipice was then about 78 or 80 feet perpendicular. The ancient Roman forum is now the cow-market, called Campo Vaccino, fomewhat resembling what Virgil fays it was in the time of Evander, Æn. viii. 360.; so Tibull. ii. 5. Here are to be seen many remains of antiquity, which exhibit a melancholy but interefting view of the devaftation wrought by the united force of time, avarice, and bigotry. The chief remains are; thofe of the temple of Jupiter Stator and of Jupiter Tonans, built by Auguftus, in gratitude for having narrowly efcaped death from a ftroke of lightning; the temple of Concord, where Cicero affembled the fenate upon the difcovery of Catiline's confpiracy; the temple of Romulus and Remus, and that of Antoninus and Fauftina, juft by it, both converted into modern churches; the ruins of the temple of Peace, built by Vefpafian after the taking of Jerufalem, faid to have been the finest temple in Rome; &c. &c.

The churches and palaces of modern Rome are crowded with pictures and ornaments of various kinds. There are faid to be thirty palaces in the city, as full of pictures as the walls can bear. Of the villas near Rome, that called Pinciana, belonging to the Borghefe family, is the moft remarkable.

The river Tiberis, or Tiber, anciently Albula, a little above Rome, is joined by the Anio, Teverone; the Allia, remarkable for the defeat of the Romans by the Gauls, A. U. 364; and

the

the Creměra, famous for the flaughter of the Fabii. Farther up it is joined by the Nar, Clanis, and Clitumnus, famous for its milk-white herds, whence victims were brought to Rome, Virg. G. ii. 146.; Sil. viii. 451. The white colour of the cattle was afcribed to a peculiar quality in the water of the river, as it still is by the common people of the place; for the breed of white cattle ftill remains in that country, some of them milk-white, but the greatest number of a whitish grey.

About 20 m. above Rome, near the Anio, ftood TIBUR, now Tivoli, on the the brow of a hill, hence called fupinum, by Horace, od. iii. 4. 23. built by a colony from Argos, (Argeo pofitum colono,) Horat. od. ii. 6. 5. from the worship of Hercules, called Herculeum by Propertius, ii. 32. 5. at prefent a very poor town. In remote antiquity it was a populous and flourishing city, hence called fuperbum by Virgil, En. vii. 530. but appears to have been thinly inhabited even in the time of Auguftus, hence called vacuum by Horace, ep. i. 7. 45. Its neighbourhood, however, from the wholesomeness of the air, was crowded with country feats. At the bottom of the eminence on which Tivoli ftands, are the ruins of a magnificent villa built by the Emperor Adrian. Julius Cæfar, Caffius, Auguftus, Mæcenas, and other illuftrious Romans, had alfo villas here. But Tibur is rendered chiefly interesting from its being so often celebrated by Horace, whofe farm is generally thought to have been near it. But it has been of late strongly afferted that the - villa of Horace was nine miles above it, at the fide of a stream called Licenfa, formerly Digentia, in the country of the ancient Sabines. Those who hold this opinion fay, that when Horace mentions Digentia or Lucretilis, his own house and farm are to be understood; but when he speaks of strolling about Tibur, as od. iv. 2. 30. that he alludes to the villa of Mecænas, the ruins of which are still to be seen on the south bank of the Anio, Moore's Italy. It appears, however, from the life of Horace by Suetonius, that he had a rural retreat both in the country of the Sabines and near Tibur, (circa Tiburni v. Tiburtini luculum).

The Anio, deriving its fource from a part of the Apennines fifty miles above Tivoli, glides through a plain till it comes near that town, when it is confined for a short space between two hills, covered with groves. Thefe were fupposed to have been the refidence of the nymph or Sibyl Albunea, to whom a temple was dedicated which is ftill ftanding. The river moving with augmented rapidity, as its channel is confined, at length rushes headlong over a lofty precipice; whence pre

ceps