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their tender; and the nobility were obliged to confirm what the common people had done. Frederick and his fucceffors have ufed the absolute power veíted in them with great moderation.

The established religion in Denmark is the Lutheran, which was introduced by Chriftian III. 1533. The office of bishops here, is only to fuperintend the inferior clergy, without any other mark of pre-eminence than a diftinction of their ecclefiaftical drefs.

ASIA.

SIA is bounded on the north by the Frozen Ocean; on the weft by Europe and Africa; on the fouth by the Indian Ocean; and on the east by the Pacific Ocean, or great South Sea, which separates it from America: Extending 4740 miles from east to west, between 25 and 180 deg. E. lon. and 4380 from north to fouth, between the equator and 80 deg. N. lat.

The chief feas, gulfs, and ftraits of Afia are:

On the Northern Ocean, the Gulf of the Icy Sea on the foutheast coast of Nova Zembla; and the Gulf of Obi or Obskaia,

On the west, the Cafpian Sea; anciently Mare Cafpium or Hyrcanum, (thought to be joined with the Northern Ocean by a narrow strait, Strab. xi. p. 507. ;) part of the Mediterranean; Sinus Arabicus, or Mare Rubrum, the Red Sea; and the Straits of Babelmandel.

On the fouth, the Arabian Sea, anciently Mare Erythraum; Gulf of Perfia and Gulf of Ormus; Gulf of Sindi; Gulf of Cambaya; Bay of Bengal; Straits of Malacca and Sincapora; Straits of Sunda; Gulf of Siam; China Sea.

On the east, the Gulf of Tonkin or Cochin China; Bay of Canton; Gulf of Nanking; Yellow Sea, near Peking; Gulf of Corea, between Corea and the islands of Japan; Sea of Ochozk or Lama; Sea of Kamfchatka, &c.

The chief rivers are, the Euphrates and Tigris, which run into the Perfian Gulf; the Indus, which runs into the Indian Ocean; and the Ganges, which runs into the Gulf of Bengal; the Jaxartes and Oxus, which anciently ran into the Cafpian Sca, but now run into a great lake eaft of the Cafpian Sea. *

The

The courfe of the Oxus and laxartes are fuppofed to have been diverted it to this lake by the Tartars. The notions of the ancients concerning the courfe of thefe rivers, as concerning the Cafpian Sea, were very uncertain. Strab. xi. 4 E 509.

The other great rivers of Afia were unknown to the ancients; the Ava or Menamkiou, the Menan, Mecon, and Domea, in India beyond the Ganges; the Kiam or Blue River, and the Whamho, Crocccus, or Yellow River, in China; the Argun, and Yamour, which feparate Chinese and Ruffian Tartary; the Oby, Genefa or Jenifca, and the Lena, which run into the Northern Ocean.

The chief mountains in Afia are Caucafus, between the Euxine and Cafpian Seas; Taurus, Antitaurus, and Imaus, connected together, and extending the whole length of Afia, from the Mediterranean to the Eaftern Ocean.

ASIA ANTIQUA.

HE great divifions were, Afia Minor; Colchis, Iberia,

T and Albania; Armenia; Syria; Arabia; Babylonia and

Chaldea; Mefopotamia; Affyria; Media; Perfia, and Sufiana; Parthia, Hyrcania, Margiana, Bactriana, &c.; India; Sey

thia.

ASIA MINOR is a name which does not occur in the Claffics, but first took place in the middle ages. It is now called Natelia or Anatolia, because it lies eaft from Conftantinople. The Romans divided it into Afia cis or intra Taurum, and Afia ultra or extra Taurum *, Liv. xxxvii. " 45. Xxxviii. 39.

The chief parts of Afia Miner were, Myfia, Troas, Æolis, Ionia, Lydia, Caria, Lycia, Pamphylia and Pifidia, Ifauria and Lycaonia, Cilicia, Cappadocia and Armenia Miner, Pontus, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Galatia or Gallegracia, and Phrygia Magna.

hy

I. MYSIA, divided into Minor and Major. The first y along the Hellefpont; hence part of it is called HELLESPON TUS.-Chief towns, CYzICUS, or -um, people Ciziceni, fituate in a cognominal island of the Propontis, joined to the

509. 517. & 518. Alexander and his men took the laxartes for the Tanais, It, vi. 16. f. 18. Hence it is fo calle 1 by Q. Curtius, vii. 6. 13. & 7. i. and by Arian, iv. 15. See alfo Strabo, xi. 510. Herodotus is thought to have defcribed the laxartes, under the name of the Araxes, i. 202.; but this cannot be the cafe, in iv 40

• Herodotus calls Afia cis vel intra Taurum, Afia within the river Halys, 1 28. So Strabo, xii. init. xvi. fin Afia when put for a province, comprehcnded only the countries along the Propontis and the gcan fea, Cie. Fluce. 27.

continent

continent by two bridges, rendered famous by the fiege of Mithridates, which was raised by Lucullus; near this is the river Granicus, where Alexander firft defeated the Perfians, and Lucullus cut to pieces he army of Mithridates; north of it the river Æsopus, the boundary of this province; fouth of it Lampsăcus; the people, Lampsacēm.

Myfia Major was intermingled with the two following divifions, which it anciently included.

II. TROAS, or Phrygia Minor.---TROJA or Ilium, near the mouth of the river Scamander or Xanthus, below its junction with the Simois. These are torrents which flow from Mount Ida, and are faid to have been drunk up by the army of Xerxes. On the fea flood Rhateum, where was the tomb of Ajax, and Sigeum, where was the tomb of Achilles, both fituate on promontories of the fame name; oppofite to which is the ifland Tenedos. On the Thymbris, a fmall river which runs into the Scamander, ftood Thymbra, famous for the temple of Apollo, hence called Thymbraus, in which Achilles was flain by Paris.

Oppofite to the north of the island Lefbos is the promontory Lectum; fouth of which flood Antandres, and Adramyti:um, on a bay of the fame name; Campus Thebes, celebrated by Homer, and Lyrneffus, the country of Briseis, the miftrefs of Achilles; all in Myfia Major. In this and the neighbouring countries dwelt the Leleges.

III. ZOLIA, or -is, between the rivers Caicus and Her mus, peopled by the Eolian Greeks from Etolia. Taken at large it includes the two former divifions. The chief towns were, Elea; Grynium, where was an oracle of Apollo, hence called GRYNAUS, Virg. n. iv. 345-; Cara, or -æ, on a promontory of the fame name; Cyme; Lariffa; Temnos, &c. IV. IONIA, likewife peopled by Greeks, containing twelve citics. PHOсEA, north of the river Hermus, and therefore reckoned by fome in Aolis; a colony from this city founded Marfcilles; SMYRNA, now the chief city in those parts, on the river Meles, near the banks of which Homer is faid to have been born, hence called Melefigenes. Seven cities contended about the birth of this poct;

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Smyrna, Rhodus, Colophon, Salamis, Chios, Argos, Allena. Weft from Smyrna flood CLAZOMING; ERYTHRF, whence the Sibyl Erythrær, at the bottom of a peninfula, eppolite to the ifle of Chios; its harbour Cyfjus; near which 21mas, a very high mountain; and the promontory and port Corycus, or -um, near which the ficct of Antiochus was defeated by the 4E2

Romans

Romans. Alexander made a cut for seven miles, to bring the fea round Erythrae and Mimas.

On the fouth fide of the peninfula ftood TEOS, the city of Anacreon; and at the top, LEBEDUS: Betwixt thefe is the promontory Myonnefus.

Without the peninfula ftood COLOPHON, on the river Halefus, near which was the grove Claros, facred to Apollo, hence called Clarius; and Notion, or -um.

On the fouth of the river Cayfler, or -tros, flood EPHESUS, the most illuftrious city of Hither Afia, famous for the temple of Diana, one of the feven wonders of the world, built at the joint expence of the Grecian ftates in Afia; the birth-place of Heraclitus, the weeping philofopher, of Hipponax the poet, of Parrhafius and Apelles the painters, Strabo, xiv. p. 642.

Oppofite to the island Samos is the promontory Mycăle, where the fleet of Xerxes was deftroyed by the Greeks.

On the north of the river Mæander flood Priene, the city of Bias, one of the feven wife men of Greece. The Mæander forms fo many windings in its courfe, that it is put for any winding or maze, Strab. xii. p. 577. f.; Virg. Æn. v. 250. South of it was Miletus, the city of Thales, the father of philofophy, and of his fcholar Anaximander, the inventor of dials and of maps; and of Timotheus the musician. This city is fometimes ranked in Caria. —— About thirty stadia from the mouth of the Mæander flood Myus, -untis, which Artaxerxes affigned to Themiftocles, to furnith his table with meat, (opfonium,) as Mgnefta was appointed to fupply him with bread, and Lampsăcus with wine, Thucydid. i. 138.; Strab. xiv. 636.; Diodor. xi. 57.; Nep. 10.

The cities of CHIOS and SAMOs were alfo comprehended among the cities of Ionia, and completed the number twelve.

V. LYDIA, the kingdom of Crocfus, called alfo Maonia, anciently included Ionia. —— Its capital was SARDES, at the foot of mount Tmelus, on the river Palus, which joins the Hermus. North of this was MAGNESIA, at the foot of mount Sipylus, near which Antiochus was defeated by the Romans under Scipio Afiaticus; north of it Thyatira.

On the river Cayirus flood Philadelphia and Metropolis; fouth of which Tralles.

*

VI. CARIA, the inhabitants, Cares HALICARNAS

The Cares are called by Homer Bazßapozavoi, Barbarolingues, II. ii. 867. as Strabo thinks, because they spoke the Greek language improperly, xiv. 661.according to Thucydides, because they were not Greeks, lbid. & Thucydid, in proam. But the divifion of mankind into Greeks and Barbarians is faid to have been unbacwn in the time of Homer, Strab. viii. 370. xiv. 661. & 662.

SUS

sus, birth-place of Herodotus, the father of history, and of Dionyfius, hence called Halicarnaffeus, -aeus, or -enfis; famous for the monument of Mausolus, erected by his Queen Artemifia, one of the feven wonders of the world, Strab. xiv. p. 656.; Plin. 36. 5. m. fituate between the Sinus Seramicus and Iafius, which form the peninsula DORIS; at the bottom of which stood Cnidus, facred to Venus, where was a celebrated ftatue of that goddefs, made by Praxitěles.

Near Halicarnaffus was the famous fountain Salmăcis, which rendered men effeminate, fee p. 363.

Oppofite to Rhodes was a diftrict called Peraa Rhodiorum, because it belonged to that people. At a greater distance from the fea, Stratonice, or -ea, Ablanda, Alinda, Hydrěla, &c.

VII. LYCIA.-- Telmeffus, or -iffus; Xanthus, on a river of that name; Patăra, famous for the oracle of Apollo, hence called Patăreus; Limyra, on the river Limyrus, where Caius, the grandfon of Auguftus, died of a wound he had received in Armenia; near which was Promontorium Sacrum or Chelidonium, whence mount Taurus begins; Olympus, at the foot of a mountain of that name; mount Climax, projecting fo far into the fea, that Alexander's army were obliged to march round it up to the waift in water; Phaselis, on the confines of Pamphylia, Lucan. viii. 249.

The chief mountain in Lycia is Cragus, one of the ridges of which emitting flame, gave room to the poetic fiction of the threefold monfter Chimara, made up of a lion, a goat, and a dragon, Ovid. Met. ix. 646.; Serv. in Virg. Æn. vi. 288.

The government of Lycia was anciently republican, and the inhabitants were diftinguifhed for their virtue, Strabo, xiv. p. 664.

VIII. PAMPHYLIA and PISIDIA, —— a mountainous country. Between the rivers Ceftrus and Cataractes flood Perga; Afpendus, on the river Eurymedon, at the mouth of which Cimon deftroyed the fleet and army of the Perfians. In Pifidia were Antiochia, Termeffus, Lyrba, Selga, &c.

IX. ISAURIA and LYCAONIA, interfected by the branches of mount Taurus; fubdued by the Romans under Servilius, hence called Ifauricus; Coracefium; Sydra; Hamaxia; Selinus, where the Emperor Trajan died, hence called Trajanopolis - Iconium, Derbe, Lyra, where the Apoftle Paul was ftoned, 4s, xiv. 19.

X. CILICIA, divided into Afpera or Tracheitis, Campeftris or Pedias, and Cilicia Propria; fo hemmed in with mountains hat it has few paffages, and thefe very narrow, hence called

Pyla.

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