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published his "Institute of Ecclesiastical Law," in 2 vols. 12mo. which has been praised by able jurists, commented upon by some, and honoured with the encomiums of chancellor D'Aguesseau. His other works were, "A History of French Law," printed in the year 1674, without the author's name, and afterwards prefixed to the elder M. Argou's Institute of French Law; "The Life of La Mère d'Arbouze," who reformed the convent of Val-deGrace, 12mo.; "The Portrait of the Duke of Burgundy," afterwards dauphin, 12mo., 1714; and an unfinished performance, published after his death, and entitled "A Treatise on Public Law," in 2 vols. 12mo. Select Eulogies translated from the French of D'Alembert, by Dr. Aikin. Mareri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M.

FLODOARD, or FRODOARD, an ecclesiastic and historian, was born at Epernai in Champagne, in 894. He received his education at Rheims, and acquired the esteem of its archbishops so as to be appointed keeper of the archives in the cathedral, and afterwards canon. He had other benefices, and in 936 was deputed to pope Leo VII. by whom he was graciously received. At length he retired to a monastery in the diocese of Rheims, of which he became abbot. An attempt was made, in 951, to place him in the see of Noyon; but although the clergy and people concurred in his election, another person, favoured by the king, obtained possession. He resigned his abbacy in 963, and devoting himself to pious exercises, died in odour of sanctity in 966. Flodoard wrote "A Collection of Histories in Verse," containing the triumphs of Jesus Christ and his disciples, and the abridged his tory of all the popes down to Leo VII., and of the most illustrious Italian saints; of this last part extracts have been published by Ruinart and Mabillon: also, "A History of the Church of Rheims," from its foundation to 948; of this work the best edition is that of G. Couvenier, 8vo. 1617: and, " A Chronicle," comprising the history of the times from 919 to 966; this is much esteemed by the learned, and is published in the collections of Peter Pithou and Andrew du Chesne. Moreri.-A. FLOGEL, CHARLES FREDERIC, a learned Silesian author, was born at Jauer, in December, 1729. In the year 1774 he was appointed professor of philosophy in the academy of the nobility at Leignitz, and died on the 7th of March, 1788, at the age of fiftynine. Flogel had read a great deal, and possessed an extensive knowledge of the history of literature, as well as of philosophy and other

sciences. He was highly esteemed on account of his integrity and agreeable disposition; and his memory has been immortalised by his excellent works, the principal of which are as follows: "Geschichte des Menschlichen Verstandes"-A History of the Human Understanding, Breslaw, 1765, 8vo.; "Geschichte des Gegenwartigen Zustandes der Schönen Litteratur in Deutschland"-A History of the present State of the Belles-Lettres in Germany, Jauer, 1771, 8vo.; "Geschichte der Comischen Litteratur"-A History of Comic Literature, Leignitz, 1784, 1787, 4 vols. 8vo.; "Geschichte des Groteske komischen, &c.". A History of the Comico-grotesque, Leignitz and Leipsic, 1788, 8vo. with plates; "Geschichte der Hofnarren"-A History of CourtBuffoons, ibid. 1789, 8vo. with plates. Hir sching's Manual of eminent Persons who died in the eighteenth Century.-J.

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FLORIMOND, DE REMOND, a French catholic controversial writer in the sixteenth century, was a native of Agen in Guienne, and became counsellor of the parliament of Bourdeaux in the year 1570. He made himself less known, however, as a magistrate, than as a defender of the catholic religion against the Protestants. In early life he was inclined to the principles of the Calvinists; but he renounced them in the year 1566, and from that time became a zealous writer in behalf of the tenets of the catholic church. He died in the year 1602, having published a great variety of pieces, two of which are considered by the Catholics to be works of much merit, and have undergone frequent impressions. The first is, "A Treatise concerning Antichrist;" and the other is entitled "On the Origin of Heresies," in 2 vols. 4to. The latter is said to abound in curious researches, but to display more erudition than critical acumen. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M.

FLORIOT, PETER, a French priest, and the author of several practical works much esteemed by the Catholics, and frequently reprinted, was born in the diocese of Langres, in the year 1604. He diligently applied himself to the study of the Scriptures, the fathers of the church, and moral theology, and obtained the benefice of Lais, five or six leagues from Paris, in the year 1647. He died in 1691, in the eighty-seventh year of his age. The most celebrated of his works is a practical comment on the Lord's Prayer, entitled "La Morale du PATER, &c." first published at Rouen in 1672, in quarto, and afterwards in various forms, at different places. The last edition of which we have seen any mention was printed at Rouen,

in 1741, in five volumes 12mo. under the, title of "Christian Morality, founded on the Instructions which Jesus Christ has given us in the Lord's Prayer." Another of his performances, which obtained a wide circulation, was entitled "Moral Homilies on the Gospels for all the Sundays in the Year, and for the princi. pal Festivals of our Saviour Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Virgin," in 2 vols. 4to. He was also the author of "A Treatise on Parochial Mass," 8vo. which, like the former pieces, derives its principal value from its useful moral tendency. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M.. FLORIS, FRANCIS, a painter who has been termed the Raphael of Flanders, was born at Antwerp, in 1520. His family-name was Vriendt. He worked with his uncle, Claude Floris, a sculptor, till he was twenty years old, when a preference of painting led him to take instructions in that art from Lambert Lombard of Liege. Under him he improved to such a degree, that upon his return to Antwerp he opened a school with great success. A desire of perfecting his taste induced him to travel into Italy, where he particularly attached himself to the remains of antiquity, and to the naked figures of Michael Angelo's Last Judgment, from which he caught a bold and strong manner. On his return he surpassed all the masters in the Low-countries, and rose to high reputation; to which his lively parts, agreeable conversation, acquaintance with literature, and talents for poetry, contributed. His society was sought by persons of the first quality; but, as has frequently happened, his convivial powers proved eventually injurious to his professional exertions. He obtained the character of the stoutest drinker in all the country, and his faculties in this respect were not suffered to be idle. In the mean time he produced many fine works, in which he displayed consummate knowledge of his art, with great lightness and facility of touch. He worked with extreme rapidity; and on the entry of Charles V. at Antwerp, being charged with the construction of the triumphal arches, he is said to have painted seven large figures in as many hours. No nicety of finish, indeed, could be required in such works. Often, when he returned home in the evening flushed with wine, he would take his pallet and dash out figures so bold and spirited, that he himself was surprised when he viewed them in the morning. His mode of living, however, at length reduced him to a state of indigence and neglect; and he was used to say to his children and workmen, "My example is a bad one to follow, but it may teach you to

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be more sober and diligent." He died at Ant. werp at the age of fifty, in 1570. Of his works some of the principal are the Fall of Lucifer, in a chapel of the cathedral at Antwerp; a Nativity, in another chapel; an Assumption of the Virgin, at the grand altar; a Last Judgment, at Brussels; and some churchpieces, at Ghent. D'Argenville Vies des Peintres.-A.

FLORUS, L. ANNEUS, a Latin historian, is supposed to have been of the same Annæan family to which the Senecas and Lucan belonged. Very little, however, is known either of his country or his private history. From his own account it appears that he wrote nearly two hundred years after the reign of Augustus; but as he also seems to imply that he lived under Trajan, Vossius proposes to read one hundred and fifty years. It is generally imagined that he was the same Florus between whom and the emperor Adrian a skirmish of satirical verses passed, recorded by Spartianus; but this is absolutely conjectural. He is the author of a

Compendium of Roman History," from the foundation of the city to the reign of Augustus. It is the performance rather of a rhetorician than of a solid historian, being written in a flowery style full of poetical ornaments, and with a sententiousness often bordering upon affectation. The language, however, though not. perfectly pure, is elegant and often, forcible; and the work has been sufficiently esteemed to have been commonly put into the hands of learners, and to have employed the erudition of several critical editors. The best editions are the Delphin, by madame Dacier, 4to. 1674; the, Variorum, by Duker, 2 vols. 8vo. L. Bat. 1722; and those of Grævius, Traj. 1680, and Lips. 1760., Vossii. Hist. Lat. Tiraboschi. Harwood's Classics.-A.

FLORUS, DREPANIUS, who was surnamed the Master, a deacon of the church of Lyons, flourished in the ninth century. He was a close and indefatigable student, and far excelled the greatest part of his contemporaries in the extensiveness and variety of his literary acquirements. The reputation which he had obtained occa sioned his being selected by the church of Lyons, to answer the treatise of John Scotus Erigena, on the subject of predestination. This answer was entitled, "Liber de Prædestinatione, contra Johannis Scoti erroncas Definitiones," and was sent forth into the world in the year 852, in the name f the whole church of Lyons. It is extant in the first volume of Gilbert Mauguin's "Vind. Grat. & Pred." and in the eighth volume of the "Bibliotheca Patr." How long

the author lived after its production is not known. Besides that work, this Florus was the author of "Commentarius in omnes S. Pauli Epistolas," which has been falsely ascribed to the venerable Bede, and admitted into the collection of his works; "Commentarius seu Expositio in Canonem Missæ," extant in the fifteenth volume of the "Bibl. Patr.;" "Poemata," which have appeared in different collections, and are inserted in the eighth volume of the "Bibl. Patr. ;" and other pieces, either edited or still in M.S. which are enumerated by Cave. Many writers have also attributed to him large additions to the "Martyrologium" of Bede, which are incorporated with it in the form in which it now appears in the collection of that author's works. Other writers, however, among whom is Cave, refer those additions to an earlier date. The latter, in particular, ascribes them to a monk of St. Tron, in the diocese of Liege, whose name was Florus, and who flourished about the year 760. Cave's Hist. Lit. vol. I. sub sæc. Eicon. & vol. II. sub sæc. Phot. Moreri. Dupin.-M.

FLUDD, ROBERT (Lat. De Fluctibus), a physician and philosopher of a peculiar stamp, son of sir Thomas Fludd, treasurer of war to queen Elizabeth, was born in 1574 at Milgate in Kent. He was educated in St. John's-college, Oxford, where he took his degree in arts, and afterwards spent six years in travelling through Europe. It was probably during his peregrinations that he acquired that attachment to the Rosycrusian philosophy which afterwards distinguished him. On returning, he took the degree of doctor of physic, settled in London, and became a fellow of the College of Physicians. His enthusiastic piety, and the apparent profundity of his scientific knowledge, veiled under a mysterious jargon, inspired much admiration, and raised him to temporary fame. He is said to have used a kind of sublime unintelligible cant to his patients, which, by exciting their faith, might sometimes contribute to their relief. He rose to eminence in his profession, and died at his house in Coleman-street in 1637. Dr. Fludd was a very voluminous author; and if his name is now at all remembered, it is as a sectary in philosophy, and not as a physician. Compounding into one mass all the incomprehensible dreams of the cabalists and Paracelsians, he formed a new physical system, of wonderful mystery and absurdity. He imagined two universal principles, the northern or condensing power, and the southern or rarefying. Over these he placed innumer-, able intelligences and geniuses, and he called

together troops of spirits from the four winds, to whom he committed the charge of diseases. He conceived a harmony between the macrocosm and the microcosm, or the world of nature and of man. It would be equally tedious and idle to attempt to analyse all his fancies, which however, supported by mystic gravity and a shew of learning, attracted the notice of the philosophers of the day. His extravagances were thought worthy of being refuted by Kepler, Mersennus, and Gassendi, the latter of whom wrote an "Examen Philosophie Fluddiane." The titles of Fludd's works may be met with in Wood. One of them, the "Nexus utriusque Cosmi," is illustrated (if it may be so called) by some extremely singular prints. Wood's Hist. Ant. Oxon. & Athen. Oxon. Brucker's Hist. Philos.-A.

FOESIUS (FOES), ANUTIUS, a learned physician, was born at Metz, about 1526. After studying in philosophy and physic at Paris, and taking his degree of doctor, he returned to his own country, where he practised, during forty years, with great reputation. He was often consulted by the princes of Lorrain, but his love of liberty and study would not permit him to contract any engagement at court. He has perpetuated his name by his labours on the works of the father of physic. He first published, in 1560, a Latin version, with copious commentaries, of the second book of Hippocrates on epidemics; which was followed by his "Economia Hippocratis," an alphabetical explanation of all the terms, especially the more obscure ones, used by that writer. The reputation he acquired by these performances caused him to be solicited to give a complete edition of the works of Hippocrates. For this purpose he collated various manuscripts, added a new version and commentaries, and at length published "Opera omnia Hippocratis quæ supersunt," 2 vols. folio, Francf. 1595. This edition is much superior to all which had preceded, and the author is reckoned by the learned Huet one of the best translators from the Greek. He likewise published "Pharmacopoeia Medicamentorum omnium quæ hodie in officinis extant," 1561,. 8vo. He died in 1596. Thuani Hist. Halleri Bibl. Med. Pract, Moreri.-A.

FOGLIETTA, UBERTO, a learned historian and orator, was descended from an ancient and noble family in Genoa, where he was born, about 1518. He was brought up to the study of the law, which he pursued at Perugia; but certain circumstances rendered his condition unsettled, and caused his youth to pass in various travels and changes of situation. He ap

pears to have resided much at Rome, where he made himself known and esteemed by several elegant treatises and orations in Latin. From two of the latter, held in the conclaves at the election of popes Marcellus II. and Paul IV. it is conjectured that he must have been in priest's orders; but of this there is no other proof. He was probably at Rome when he published, in 1559, two books, "Della Republica di Genova," in which he censured with so much freedom the excess of power and the abuses of it among the nobles, that he was proceeded against as a rebel, and underwent a sentence of banishment, with confiscation of property. He found, however, a munificent patron in cardinal Hippolito d'Este, who received him into his house upon terms of intimate friendship. He was also favoured by other men of rank, and he appears to have accompanied cardinal Pasqua, a Genoese, to the council of Trent. In order to divert the chagrin inspired by his exile, he employed himself in writing, and particularly undertook the composition of a general history of his own times, in Latin, commencing from the war of the emperor Charles V. against the Protestants. Of this he published in 1571 a fragment, containing the conspiracy of the Fieschi, the assassination of Pier-Luigi Farnese, and the sedition of Naples. Other parts apparently belonging to the same work have been separately printed; as four books of the holy league against Selim, published by his brother Paul, and the pieces on the expedition to Tripoly, to Oran, and Tunis, and the siege of Malta. Other tracts of his, of a miscellaneous nature, are, "De Ratione scribendæ Historiæ;" "De Norma Polybiana ;" "De Causis Magnitudinis Turcarum Imperii;" "De Nonnullis in quibus Plato ab Aristotele reprehenditur." The whole of his General History has never appeared; no more than an Ecclesiastical History which his brother mentions as having been written by him with great care and industry. Meantime he did not forget his own country, though it had treated him with so much rigour; but wrote in Latin the "Eulogies of illustrious Ligurians," printed in 1574. About the same time he wrote three books "De Lingue Latinæ præstantia & usu;" in which, under the form of a dialogue, he discusses the question concerning the propriety of the modern use of the Latin tongue, with great elegance, and with all the arguments for and against which have been employed by later writers. His last work was the history of his own country, of which he lived to finish twelve

books, from the foundation of Genoa to the year 1527. This was published by his brother. in, 1585, under the title of "Historia Genuensium, Lib. XII." with a supplement taken from the history of Bonfadio. Foglietta died at Rome in 1581, at the age of sixty-three. His Latin style is pure, and his works are worthy to stand in parallel with those of the best writers of that age.

His brother PAUL was a man of learning, and a good Italian poet. Tiraboschi.-A.

FOINARD, FREDERIC-MAURICE, a learned French priest, who flourished in the eighteenth century, was a native of Conches, a town of Normandy, in the diocese of Evreux. He was well versed in theology, and the learned languages, particularly the Hebrew; and for some time discharged the duties of rector at Calais. Afterwards he removed to Paris, where he filled the post of vice-principal in the college du Plessis, and died in 1743, when he was at least sixty years of age. He was the author of various works, published without his name, of which those most known were "Proposals for a new Ecclesiastical Breviary," 12mo, 1720, accompanied with critical remarks on all preceding Breviaries; "An Analysis" of the former work, 12mo. 1726, farther illustrative of the author's design, and introductory to the next article; "Breviarium Ecclesiasticum, editi jam Prospectus; Executionem exhibens, in Gratiam Ecclesiarum in quibus nova facienda erit Breviariorum Editio," in 2 vols. 8vo. 1726, of which subsequent writers on the same subject have considerably availed themselves; "The Book of Genesis, in Latin and French, with an Explication of the Literal and of the Spiritual Sense, founded on the Scriptures, and on Tradition," in 2 vols. 12mo. 1732, which was suppressed on account of some singular notions which the author advanced when giving what appeared to him to be the spiritual sense of his original; and "A Key to the Psalms," shewing the occasions on which they were composed, &c. 12mo, 1740, introductory to another work published two years afterwards in 12mo. and entitled "The Psalms in Historical Order, translated anew from the Hebrew, and inserted in the History of David, and the other Histories of Sacred Scripture with which they are in Connection, &c." to which are added prayers at the end of each psalm, taken from ancient MSS. in the Vatican, and also historical and geographical tables, &c. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M.

FOIX, MARK-ANTHONY DE, a French Je

suit in the seventeenth century, distinguished among his contemporaries by his learning and talents, and particularly as a pulpit orator, was born at the château de Fabas, in the diocese of Couserans, in the year 1627. He entered into the order of Jesus at Toulouse, in the year 1643, and by the excellence of his natural abi lities and his studious application, acquired considerable reputation as a divine, as a preacher, and as a man of letters. For some years he was appointed to teach theology at the college of Tournon, in the Vivarais. His attention to his duties as professor, however, did not prevent him from engaging in the service of the pulpit, for which he was admirably adapted. Besides the learning necessary for a divine, he possessed genius, eloquence, an intimate knowledge of the human heart, and the recommendations of a good personal figure, and of a noble agreeable presence. With these qualifications he for a long time attracted much notice as a popular impressive preacher. His talents, like wise, frequently induced his superiors to appoint him to places of honour and confidence,in the management of the concerns of his order. He died at the college of Billon in Auvergne, while discharging the office of provincial, in 1687, when he was in the sixtieth year of his age. He was the author of "The Art of Preaching the Word of God, containing the Rules of Christian Eloquence," 12mo. 1687, in which his intimate acquaintance with sacred and profane literature, his judgment, and his taste, are advantageously displayed; and of "The Art of educating a Prince," which was published in 12mo. after the author's death, and without his name, as well as the preceding. The latter work met with a very flattering reception from the public, but, owing to the circumstances of its being both posthumous and anonymous, was for a time attributed to different authors, and among others to the marquis de Vardes. The best authorities, however, concur in maintaining it to be a genuine production of father de Foix. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M.

FOLARD, CHARLES, chevalier de, a celebrated military writer, was born of a noble but reduced family at Avignon, in 1669. An early passion for arms, inflamed by reading Cæsar's Commentaries, caused him at the age of sixteen to engage in the service; and though his father withdrew him and shut him up in a convent, he found means two years afterwards to make his escape, when he entered as a cadet in the regiment of Berry. Being now suffered to

pursue his inclination, he seriously addicted himself to the study of the military art. He served during the whole of the war of 1688, as a partisan or irregular, which situation he rendered a very useful school to himself. He acquired an exact knowledge of the country, drew maps and plans, and executed in little all that he saw practised in the great. He advanced in reputation, and was made by the duke Vendome his aide-de-camp, in 1702. Soon after, he accompanied the grand-prior into Lombardy, and by his advice was the cause of various successes. He distinguished himself at the battle of Cassano, in which he received three wounds. It was this action which suggested to him his system of columns, which he afterwards deve loped in his writings. He assisted in the defence of Modena; and being afterwards called: into Flanders, was wounded at the battle of Malplaquet, and taken prisoner. Prince Eugene is said to have endeavoured to engage him in the service of the emperor; but without success. In 1714 he went to Malta, in order to assist in defending that island against the Turks. He was then led by his admiration of Charles XII. to visit Sweden; and he was entrusted by that monarch with negociating with the court of France a projected invasion of Scotland, for the restoration of king James II. When that scheme failed, Folard returned to Sweden, and was with Charles at the siege of Frederics hall, where he met his fate. He served his! concluding campaign in 1719, as mestre-decamp under the duke of Berwick. After that period he entirely devoted himself to the study of his favourite art in retirement. He contracted an intimacy with count Saxe, to whom he communicated his ideas, and whose future eminence he predicted. In 1727 he published his great work, the vehicle of his military reflections and inventions, "Commentaries on Polybius," 6 vols. 4to. This piece is written? with the prolixity and want of method usual ini those who are not accustomed to authorship,! but it contains much excellent matter, and was highly esteemed. He also wrote "New Discoveries respecting War;" "A Treatise on the Defence of Places ;" and "A Treatise on the Duty of a Partisan;" the last left in M.S. He became a member of the Royal Society of London in 1749. He was a man of worth, and would probably have risen to higher employments, had he not been connected with those who supported the miracles of the abbé Paris, whereby he gave offence to cardinal Fleury. He possessed the government of Bourbourg for

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