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that edict gave rise, and the circumstances which produced the subsequent condemnation of the Three Chapters, in the fifth general council held at Constantinople in the year 553, which serve to shew how widely "councils, as well as doctors, differ." We have only to We have only to notice the effects which the edict produced on Facundus. Finding the orthodoxy of the Three Chapters thus openly impeached, he boldly and warmly undertook the defence of them, and wrote a treatise for that purpose, consisting of twelve chapters, which have been analysed by Dupin. In his opposition to the imperial edict Facundus was joined by the African and Western bishops, and by Vigilius the Roman pontiff, who considered it as highly injurious to the authority of the council of Chalcedon, and to the memory of those men whose writings and characters it covered with reproach. In an ecclesiastical assembly which by the emperor's order was held at Constantinople in the year 547, pope Vigilius and a considerable number of the bishops were induced to drop their opposition, and to express their approbation of the emperor's edict. Facundus, how ever, and the bishops of Africa and Illyrium, persevered in resisting all persuasions or threatenings to desert their cause, and even separated themselves from the communion of the pope, until he had retracted the sanction which he had given to the condemnation of the Three Chapters. It was either on this occasion, or after the council of Constantinople had yielded to the emperor's wishes, that Facundus was condemned to banishment; after which we learn no farther particulars concerning him. He was an able and eloquent writer, and well conversant in the works of the fathers, and the controversies of the times; but was often carried by his impetuosity and zeal beyond the limits of calm reasoning and moderation. His remains were published by father Sirmond, 1629, 8vo. with notes, after a copy taken from a M.S. in the Vatican library; and were afterwards reprinted together with the works of Optatus, in 1675, by Philip le Prieur, as well as in the collections of father Sirmond's works published in 1699 and 1721. Dupin. Mosh. Hist. Eccl. Sac. vi. Moreri-M.

FADLALLAH, or CHOPSA RASCHID ADDIN FADLALLAH, an oriental historian, was the son of a physician of Hamadan in Persia. He was vizir to the sultan Cazan, a descendant of Genghizcan or Zingis, who reigned at Taurus, when he was enjoined by his sovereign to draw up a history of the Moguls from the materials collected by an old officer named Poulad. He

finished this work A.D. 1294, to which he gave the title of "Tarickh Moubarec Cazani;" or, The August History of Cazam. After the death of this sultan, his successor Mohammed Khodabendi ordered Fadlallah to complete the work, and add to it a civil and geographical description of all the territories and people of the Moguls and Tartars. The first volume of this work, containing the history of the Moguls, was in the library-of the king of France, and was translated from the Persian into French, by M. Petis de la Croix, jun. for the use of his father's history of Genghizcan. Moreri.-A.

FAERNO, GABRIEL, a modern Latin poet and philologist, was a native of Cremona. early distinguished himself in polite literature, and obtained the employ of corrector and revisor of the books in the Vatican library. Becoming known to cardinal Charles Borromeo, he was by him introduced to his uncle, the cardinal de Medicis, who became his friend and protector. When that cardinal was raised to the popedom by the name of Pius IV. Faerno continued in great favour with him, which he employed to serve men of worth and learning. He did not, however, long enjoy a station in which he would undoubtedly have acquired riches and honours; being carried off by disease in the prime of life, in 1561. He appears to have been much be loved by his contemporaries for the amiable simplicity of his character. Of his works, that for which he is best known is his fables, first printed at Rome in 1564, under the title of "Fabulæ centum ex antiquis auctoribus delectæ." They are a poetical version in different measures of a hundred fables from Æsop and other authors, much admired for its purity and elegance, and accounted one of the happiest imitations of the classical manner. A charge was brought against this writer, of having borrowed much from Phædrus, and attempted to conceal his theft by suppressing the original. But this seems sufficiently confuted by a comparison of his fables with those of Phædrus, whose style and manner only he could think of borrowing, since the subjects were alike taken by both from older authors. Some other elegant poems are added to the fables in the Cominian edition, among which is a satire against the Lutherans. Faerno was also a skilful critic, and took pains. in collating the best MSS. of ancient authors. He thus gave amended editions of the Philippics of Cicero, and the comedies of Terence. He left in MS. numerous corrections of Livy and Plautus, from which has been published his "Censura emendationum Livianiarum Sigonii." Moreri. Tiraboschi.-A.

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FAGIUS, or vernacularly BüCHLIN, PAUL, a learned German protestant divine, was born at Reinzabern, a town in the Palatinate, in the year 1504. His early education he received under the instructions of his father, who was a schoolmaster in his native place, by whom, at eleven years of age, he was sent to Heidelberg, where he recommended himself to the notice and esteem of his preceptors by his diligence and proficiency. When he was eighteen years of age he went for farther improvement to Strasburg, in which place he continued for some years, supplying himself with such books and necessaries as his father's narrow circumstances were unable to afford him, by the recompence which he received for teaching junior students. At this time the study of the learned languages began to revive in Germany, and Wolfgang Capito had contributed to facilitate that of the Hebrew by publishing his Institutiones Hebraica. Some of the most learned of the Jews, also, were now offering their assistance as tutors in that language. Of these circumstances Fagius availed himself, and applied himself with uncommon diligence and success to the study of the Hebrew tongue. At the same time he became intimately acquainted with Capito, Bucer, and others of the most distinguished characters among the early reformers. When he was twenty-three years of age, he was compelled by the smallness of his income to relinquish the academic life, and undertook the occupation of schoolmaster at Isne, an imperial town in Suabia. In this place, where he married and had a family, he gained great reputation by the manner in which he discharged the duties of his office, and universal esteem by his virtues. His mind, however, was strongly bent on engaging in the work of the ministry; and with the view of preparing for it, when he was more than thirty years of age, he returned to Strasburg, where for two years he diligently applied himself to theological studies and collegiate exercises. At length, in the year 1537, he was invited by the senate of Isne to undertake the pastoral office in that town, and for five years discharged its duties with a high reputation for eloquence and fidelity. During that period he was unremitting in his attention to Hebrew literature, availing himself of the ablest assistance, and in particular that of the celebrated Rabbi Elias Levita, whom he engaged to come from Venice in order to profit by his instructions. With the view also of exciting a more general attention to the study of the Hebrew language in Germany, he set up a Hebrew press at Isne, under

the patronage of Peter Buffer, a senator of that town, and for some time proceeded with great diligence to send into the world the fruits of his learned application. Not meeting, however, with the encouragement which he expected, he was alarmed at the expence which he had incurred; but his mind was rendered easy on that head by his generous patron, who nobly took the whole upon himself. As Fagius was now convinced that Isne was not a proper scene for carrying into execution the literary plans which he had projected, he determined to remove to some more favourable spot, and obtained the consent of his flock when an acceptable successor had been provided. Before he quitted his connection with them, the plague broke out at Isne; on which occasion Fagius displayed a truly noble and benevolent spirit. After severely reproving the richer inhabitants, who were led from their apprehensions to desert their poorer brethren, by his influence and eloquence he established funds for the relief of the distressed, and engaged the magistrates to make such wise and humane regulations as greatly contributed to lessen the horrors of that calamity. And what is still more to his honour, he himself never quitted the scene of infection, but devoted his whole time to the service of the afflicted, personally visiting them, and affording them every relief and spiritual consolation in his power. Notwithstanding the hazard which by these means he incurred, the hand of Providence preserved him safe from the contagion. This same plague extended to Strasburg, where, among others, Wolfgang Capito fell a sacrifice to its ravages. About a year after his death the senate of Strasburg invited Fagius to become his successor; with which invitation he ultimately complied, after he had devoted more than two years to the interests of literature and the reformed religion in the republic of Constance. Before this, Philip prince of Hesse had endeavoured to secure his assistance in conducting a seminary established by him at Marpurg. At Strasburg Fagius continued in the diligent and acceptable discharge of the ministerial office, and in publishing books adapted to the promotion of Hebrew learning, until the year 1546, when Frederic II. elector palatine, sent for him to Heidelberg, to conduct the measures proper to bring about a reformation of religion in his dominions. The subsequent war, however, between the league of Smalkalde, and the emperor Charles V. having terminated unfavourably for the Protestants, that work was obliged to be suspended, and Fagius returned to Strasburg,

years secretary to the holy congregation, and was highly in favour with several successive popes, who consulted him on important occasions. He had the misfortune of becoming blind at the age of forty-four; but fo tenacious was his memory, that this did not prevent him from proceeding in the composition of his great work, the "Commentary on the five Books of Decretals," first printed at Rome in 1661, in three volumes folio, and since several times reprinted. It was composed by order of pope Alexander VII. and, as may be supposed, is sufficiently favourable to the court of Rome. It is furnished with an index of singular excellence. Fagnani was well versed in polite literature, and conversed in a lively and agreeable manner. He died in 1678, when he was above eighty years of age. Moreri. Tiraboschi.-A.

where he resumed his ministerial and literary employments, and assisted Bucer, and Martyr, in discharging the duties of the theological chair. But the emperor having, by his forcible establishment of the Interim throughout Germany in the year 1548, and his cruel treatment of the protestant divines who refused submission to it, rendered it impracticable for him to remain any longer in safety at Strasburg, he accepted of an invitation which he received from Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, to take refuge in England, where he arrived, together with Bucer, in the year 1549. For some time these illustrious foreigners resided at the palace at Lambeth, whence it was intended they should proceed to Cambridge, where they were to be employed as professors, and engaged in completing a new translation of the Scriptures, accompanied by a short illustration. To Fagius the care of the Old Testament was to be committed. He did not live how ever, any more than his colleague, to make any progress in that work, but died at Cambridge, whither he had been removed from London for a change of air after the attack of a violent fever, in 1550, when he was in the forty-fifth year of his age. During the reign of the bigoted Mary, his remains, as well as those of Bucer, were dug up and burnt, after they had been ridiculously tried and condemned for heresy, when they were beyond the reach of any human tribunal. From Fagius's labours the learned world received the following translations from the Hebrew: "Thisbites Heliæ;" "Capitula aut Apophthegmata Patrum," with illustrations, 1542, 4to.; " Sententiæ Morales Bensyre," with a commentary, 1542, 4to.; "Tobias Hebraicus," 1542, 4to.; "Præcationes Hebraicæ ;" and "Parvulus Tractatulus," &c. from the work of a Jew converted to christianity before the end of the second century. He was also the author of "Breves Annotationes in Targum, seu paraphrasim Chaldaicam - Onkeli in Pentateuchum," 1546, folio; "Expositio Dictionum Hebraicarum literalis & simplex in quartuo priora Capita Geneseos," 1542, 4to.; "Translationum præcipuarum veteris Testamenti inter se variantium Collatio;" "Metaphrasis & Enarratio perpetua Epistolæ Divi Pauli ad Romanos,' 1536, folio; "Isagoge in Linguam Hebræam," &c. Melchior Adam. Vit. Germ. Theol. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M.

FAGNANI, PROSPERO, a celebrated Italian canonist of the seventeenth century, resided at Rome, where he was regarded as an oracle in all legal questions. He was during fifteen

FAGUNDEZ, STEPHEN, a Portuguese Jefuit, celebrated in the catholic world for the extent of his knowledge in civil and canon law, was born at Viana, and became a member of the society of Jesus at Evora, in the year 1694. We are furnished with no farther particulars concerning him, excepting that he was appointed by his superiors to teach moral theology at Lisbon, where he died in 1645, aged sixty-eight years. His works were published after his death, at Lyons, and consist of "Quæstiones de Christianis Officiis & Casibus Conscientiæ in vi Ecclesiæ Præcepta," 1626, folio; "Apologia pro isto Tractatu, &c." 1631, 8vo.; "In x. Præcepta Decalogi," 1641, two volumes folio; "De Justitia," 1640, folio; "De Contractibus, & de Acquisitione, ac Translatione Dominii, &c." 1641, folio. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M.

FAIRCLOUGH, see FEATLY. FAIRFAX, EDWARD, a great improver of English versification, was the son of sir Thomas Fairfax, of Denton in Yorkshire. It has been generally supposed that his birth was illegitimate: but the writer of his life in the Biogr. Britan. from the authority of Douglas's Peerage, combined with the circumstance of his possessing an estate near the family seat, considers him as one of his father's sons by his lawful wife. He appears to have enjoyed a liberal education, and his acquirements sufficiciently prove that he devoted much time and attention to literary pursuits. He entered into no profession, but married, and settled as a country gentleman at Newhall, in the parish of Fuyistone, in Knaresborough-forest. He is. said to have been useful to his brother, lord Fairfax, in the education of his children and the management of his affairs. From his.

work "On Demonology" it appears that he was attached to the doctrine and discipline of the church of England. It may also be inferred from the same piece, in which he treats of witchcraft, as it was acted in his own family," that he was not free from credulity and superstition. These are all the particulars which have been recorded of his life, which is asserted to have terminated about 1632; yet the second edition of his "Godfrey," printed in 1624, had another editor, which would scarcely have happened had he been still living. The work by which Fairfax is known, is a translation of "Tasso's Godfrey of Bouillon," which first appeared in 1600, dedicated to queen Elizabeth. It is written in stanzas of eight lines, conformably to the original; and though the task of translation was rendered more difficult by the shackles of such a measure, all readers, probably, will not concur with Mr. Hoole, the last translator, in his opinion that such a stanza cannot give pleasure to the generality of those who have a taste for English poetry. It is certain that the performance of Fairfax gave high delight in his time; and Waller, who is accounted so great an improver of English versi fication, professedly formed his manner upon it. The harmony of his lines, and the general elegance of his version, are, indeed, extraordinary for the period in which he wrote. Spenser had furnished him with a model; but both his language and versification are more correct than those of that poet usually are. The ease and freedom of Fairfax are the more extraordinary, as he has made a point of rendering the original line by line. It was not to be expected that one who had attained such excellence in his art should cease to practise it; accordingly, we are told that he wrote a poetical history of Edward the black prince, and some eclogues. Of the first nothing is known, as it never came before the public. The eclogues were transcribed by the author for the duke of Richmond, and seen and approved by several literary characters. They appear to have been twelve in number, and to have been in a moral and elevated strain, upon important topics; but they have been lost to the public, except the fourth, which was printed in Mrs. Cooper's Muses' Library, 1737. In prose, Fairfax composed various pieces in controversy with the papists, and also his "Demonology" above mentioned, all which remained in MS. His eldest son, William, translated Diogenes Laertius into English. Biogr. Brit.-A.

FAIRFAX, THOMAS lord, general of the parliament army in the civil war of Charles I., was the eldest son of Ferdinando lord Fairfax,

at whose seat of Denton in Yorkshire he was born in 1611. He received an academical education at St. John's college, Cambridge; but his disposition inclining him rather to an active than a studious life, he went to Holland and served as a volunteer in the English troops un> der Horatio lord Vere, with whom he was at the taking of Bois-le-duc. On his return he married a daughter of lord Vere's, and settled in the country. When the discontents of the reign broke out, he took a decided part against the royal party in church and state, in which he followed the example of his father, and was also instigated by his wife, a zealous presbyterian. He presented a popular petition to the king, on Heyworth-moor, in the presence of a large body of people; and when actual hostilities commenced, he had a commission from the parliament to serve as general of horse under his father, who was appointed their commander in the North. He was soon actively engaged against the earl of Newcastle and the other royalists in those parts, and in consequence of inferiority suffered several defeats, though he always behaved with distinguished valour, and speedily repaired his losses, and returned to action. His father and he were completely routed in an attack they made upon the earl of Newcastle at Adderton-moor, in June, 1643, for the purpose of relieving Bradford. Sir Thomas with much difficulty made good his retreat to Hull. His wife was intercepted by the way, but was afterwards politely sent to him by the earl in his own coach with a guard. Hull was besieged by the royalists, but without effect; and Fairfax went with his horse into Lincolnshire, where he assisted in the rout of sir John Henderson. Thence he was hastily summoned in the winter to the relief of Nantwich in Cheshire, besieged by lord Byron ; whom, in conjunction with sir William Brereton, he entirely defeated. Returning into Yorkshire, he and his father joined the Scotch army which advanced to the assistance of the parliament, and with it they laid siege to York. This brought on, in July, 1644, the battle of Marston-moor, the first great action in which the king's troops were defeated, and the commencement of his bad success. Sir Thomas Fairfax on that occasion commanded the right wing of horse, which was driven off the field by prince Rupert. Such was now his reputation for zeal and courage, that, upon the newmodelling of the army, and displacing of the earl of Essex, the parliament by an unanimous vote appointed Fairfax general in his stead. Cromwell was at the same time made lieutenantgeneral; the heads of the party expecting, what

in fact took place, that by his superior art and abilities he would become the actual director of the army's motions. Fairfax was called to London, and received with great honour by the parliament. An ordinance was made for the raising of forces under his command, and the appointment of officers was committed to him, with liberty to select them out of all the other armies. When this force was completed, he marched to attend the king's motions, who threatened to break in upon the eastern associated counties. The two parties met at Naseby in June, 1645, where Fairfax gained a complete and decisive victory. In this engagement he led the main body of infantry, and acquitted himself with signal bravery, as well as military skill. It was, indeed, his character to be animated during action with a spirit which did not seem to belong to his ordinary temper, and which rose to a kind of enthusiastic fury. He pursued his success with vigour. Marching westwards, he raised the siege of Taunton, took Bridgewater, Bath, Bristol, Dartmouth, and other places, defeated lord Hopton, the king's general, at Torrington, and finally, by series of masterly movements, cooped up the whole of the remaining royal army in the extremity of Cornwall, and obliged it to capitulate upon terms. Then returning, he reduced Exeter, Oxford, and Wallingford, and by the capture of Ragland-castle in August, 1646, put an end to all opposition to the parliament's authority throughout England. In these transactions Fairfax conducted himself with honour and humanity. He was particularly careful of the concerns of literature on the surrender of Oxford, and diligently preserved the Bodleian library from pillage; so that, according to Dr. Warton (Hist. of Engl. Poetry), it suffered auch less than when that city was in possession of the royalists.

Fairfax was now to act in a scene for which he was much less fitted than for martial exploits-in the involved and hollow politics of the triumphant party. Meaning well, but narrow and confused in his views, he was no match for the craft of Cromwell and Ireton. He was really well-disposed to the parliament, to which he had owed all his power, and which liberalfy rewarded his services; yet he was induced by the army agitators to head them in their advance towards London in order to awe the legislature, and he joined in that violent restoration of the seceding members, which destroyed all parliamentary independence. He behaved with respect to the king, and seemed desirous of restoring him to his throne; yet he

VOL. IV.

concurred in the declaration of the army to support the vote of the commons for no farther addresses or application to him. By the death of his father in March, 1648, he succeeded to his title and estates, and thus united the hereditary dignity of the peerage with his acquired honours. In the insurrection of that year for the royal cause, he resumed his arms, and acted with his usual zeal and vigour. He was engaged in the siege of Colchester, which had been occupied by the insurgents under lord Capel and sir Charles Lucas. It seems extraordinary that such a place could hold out eleven weeks against a victorious general, who could command all the military force of the kingdom; and is a proof of the small degree of skill in the art of engineering acquired by the petty actions of these wars, unless it be supposed that the general's aversion to injure a town, the inhabitants of which were probably of his own party, caused him to prefer the way of blockade. He appears to have been much irritated by the resistance he met with; for upon its surrender without conditions of quarter, he caused sir Charles Lucas, and sir George Lisle, brave men, but whom he considered as soldiers of fortune, to be shot. Returning to London, he took up his quarters in Whitehall, and prepared the way, by overawing and purging the parliament, for the king's trial. He himself, indeed, affirms that the seclusion of members by colonel Pride, for which the authority of the council of the army was alleged, was done totally without his knowledge; which, if true (as it probably is), proves how mere a tool he was become of other men's designs. He was among the first of those nominated for the king's judges, but refused to act, probably at the persuasion of his wife. This lady, who possessed abundance of spirit, being present in the court, made herself conspicuous for a severe remark against the justice of the proceedings, and incurred some danger by her boldness. It is well known, that the strict presbyterian party, to which she belonged, ab horred the measure of taking away the king's life. Fairfax was expected to have interfered in order to prevent the execution; but it is said that he was held in prayer and conference at major Harrison's apartments in Whitehall, till the fatal blow was struck; a circumstance demonstrative of weakness and stupidity scarcely credible in a man of the world. If he felt any resentment on the occasion, he was soothed by the new appointment of general in chief of the forces in England and Ireland; and under this commission he suppressed the levellers who

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