and exigencies, the boldness of his designs and vigour of his execution, have perhaps scarcely been surpassed since the time of Cæsar. He was somewhat inclined to rashness, but his situation often justified great hazards. That he was lavish of the lives of his soldiers, was rather a defect in feeling than in judgment. They were the instruments with which he was playing a great game, and he made it finally a winning one. His political talents were very considerable, and well adapted to absolute monarchy. As a man of letters he would probably have shone even independently of his rank, or rather, perhaps, the more, had he had the education and employment of a mere man of letters. His judgment was naturally solid, but in some degree perverted by his early prejudices in favour of the superficial French school. His conversation was lively and brilliant, often sarcastical. He was quick at repartee, and readily felt it. A declared unbeliever in revealed religion, his notions as to natural religion seem to have fluctuated; but his morals were uniformly guided by no other rule than his pleasure and interest. He appears to have had little sensibility, and was capable of severe and even cruel actions. Voltaire once characterised him from a marble table that stood before him-as hard and polished. Yet love of justice and humanity took their turns in his mind, and many examples are related of his clemency and placability. Besides the works already mentioned as written by him, he published "Military Instructions ;" and a variety of pieces in verse and prose, on miscellaneous topics, all composing four volumes Svo. under the title of his "Euvres Primitives." After his death appeared his "Euvres Posthumes," in fifteen volumes 8vo., of which the principal are the "History of his own Time;" the History of the Seven-Years' War;" "Memoirs from the Peace of Hubertsburg to the Partition of Poland in 1775 :" all these contain much valuable information, with as much impartiality as could be expected. Of his correspondence alone there are seven volumes, much of it very interesting. Frederic in person was below the middle stature, but well made, and of a graceful figure when young. His face was rather handsome, with fine blue eyes full of fire and penetration, and a very animated expression of countenance, especially when speaking. His tone of voice was clear and sweet; his usual manner mild and gentle. His health was generally good, and his constitution was rendered hardy by habit and exercise. He was a very early riser, and no man gave less of his time to languor and inaction. Ann.

Regist. Mem. of Frederic III. King of Prussia, by Dr. Towers.—A.

FREIND, JOHN, a learned and eminent physician, was born in 1675, at Croton in Northamptonshire, of which place his father was rector. He was educated at Westminster school under Dr. Busby, and was thence elected in 1690 into Christ-church college, Oxford. He became one of the ornaments of that seminary, then flourishing under the conduct of dean Aldrich, who gave an undoubted testimony to his classical reputation, by selecting him, together with Mr. Foulkes, for the task of publishing a Latin translation of the oration of Aschines against Ctesiphon, and of Demosthenes de Corona. Soon after, he also edited a corrected edition of the Delphin Ovid's Metamorphoses. A Latin ode addressed to Dr. Hannes upon the death of the duke of Glou cester in 1700, distinguishes the name of Freind as a polite scholar, in the Musæ Anglicane. Before this time he had commenced the study of physic, and in 1699 communicated to the Royal Society an account of a remarkable hydrocephalus, which is published in their Memoirs. Another communication to the Society, in 1701, contains a relation of singular convulsive and spasmodic symptoms affecting two poor families in Oxfordshire. A work which immediately brought him into notice as a physician and physiologist was his "Emmenologia, in quâ Fluxus muliebris menstrui phænomena, periodi, vitiæ, cum medendi methodo, ad rationes mechanicas exiguntur," 8vo. published in 1703. In this piece he took his station among the mechanical physicians, whose sect then flourished under the auspices of Baglivi and other learned men. Deriving the cause of the evacuation in question from plethora, he considers the effects of lentor in the blood and rigidity in the vessels on the one hand, and of the opposite states in both, on the other, and adapts his pathological and curative ideas to this theory. The work was very favourably received, and though it met with oppugners, raised him into general reputation. În 1704 he was appointed to read chemical lectures before the university. In these he attempted to explain all chemical operations upon mechanical and physical principles. Dr. John Keil was the first who made this attempt, and Freind pursued it with ingenuity and clearness of method, though his success has not been sufficient to place him high among chemical philosophers. The lectures were some years afterwards published, with a dedication to sir I. Newton. They are nine in number, very con-

eise, and written in Latin. Tables are added of the rarefaction of different liquors, and of specific gravities. In 1705 he accompanied the earl of Peterborough in his Spanish expedition, in quality of physician to the English troops. He was abroad nearly two years, and returned through Italy, taking Rome in his way, where he visited the eminent physicians Baglivi and Lancisi. It appears that he was much in the confidence of lord Peterborough, whose conduct he vindicated after his return, in a publication printed in 1707. During that year he was created doctor of physic by diploma, and published his chemical lectures. He was, afterwards admitted into the Royal Society. In 1712 he attended the duke of Ormond as his physician in his campaign in Flanders. From this time he resided chiefly in London, where he rose to high professional reputation, and was received as fellow of the College of Physicians in 1716. He published in that year the first and third books of "Hippocrates de Morbis Popularibus," Greek and Latin, subjoining to them a "Commentary on Fevers," in nine parts. This is a performance of great erudition, affording a perspicuous view of the practice of the Greek physicians, of which he is for the most part a zealous defender. It also touches upon some points of modern practice, and in particular recommends the use of purgatives in the secondary fever of the confluent small-pox. This opinion was animadverted upon by Dr. Woodward in a publication entitled "The State of Physic and Diseases," written with unbecoming acrimony. To this, Dr. Freind first opposed a ludicrous reply, in the name of a noted empyric, one Byfield. At length he thought proper to give a serious answer, in a Latin letter addressed to Dr. Mead, and entitled "De Purgantibus in secunda Variolarum Confluentium Febre," 8vo. 1719; which contains many valuable observations elegantly expressed, and much contributed to establish the practice for which he contended. He passed through the offices of the college during this period, and in 1720 delivered a Harveian oration, which was much applauded. We are not acquainted with the reasons which induced him, while pursuing with so much success his medical carcer, to engage in political life; but in 1722 he entered into parliament as burgess for Launceston. His connections were with the party at this time in opposition to the court; and as the times were critical, and his attachments warm, his conduct soon exposed him to suspicion. Bishop Atterbury's plot for the restoration of the Stuart family was the leading

topic of this period, and when a motion against the prelate was made against him in the House of Commons, Dr. Freind was among the speakers in his favour. As the circumstances of the time had given the ministry a pretext for the suspension of the Habeas Corpus act, several persons of consequence were committed to custody, among whom was our physician, charged with suspicion of high-treason. The opposition suggested that the only ground for this was his parliamentary conduct; but Walpole declared privately to several persons, that there was positive proof of the blackest treason against him. This, however (as in many instances of a similar kind), was never brought forward; and, after a confinement in the Tower from March 15, 1723, to June 21, of the same year, he was admitted to bail, his sureties being Dr. Mead and three others of his brethren. He appeared at the King's-bench on his recognizance in November following, and was finally discharged. His mind was tranquil enough on this occasion to suffer him to employ his leisure in the Tower in drawing up a second Latin epistle to. Dr. Mead concerning the small-pox, entitled "De quibusdam Variolarum generibus Epistola," 1723. In this he treats of several varieties of this disease, denoting danger or malignity, even though the pustules are distinct. He also laid the plan of his greatest work, of which the first part appeared in 1725, and the second in 1726. This was "The History of Physic from the Time of Galen to the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century, chiefly with Regard to Practice, in a Discourse written to Dr. Mead, by J. Freind, M. D." two volumes 8vo. This learned performance was meant as a kind of supplement to the History of Physic by Daniel Le Clerc. It is divided into three parts, treating respectively of the Greek physicians after Galen, of the Arabians, and of the moderns. It does not attempt to give an exact analysis of the works of the several authors, but only notes what is peculiar and original in each, occasionally interspersing observations of his own. In general there is much judgment shewn in the selections made of passages, and his remarks upon them; and few works contain a greater variety of matter with less prolixity. It was much read both at home, and abroad in translations, and continues to be a standard work. Some severe strictures made in it upon the plan of a continuation of medical history annexed to his work by Le Clerc, occasioned some animadversions in the Bibliothèque ancienne and moderne, t. 24, by the celebrated John Le Clerc, brother to Daniel; and the controversy

was maintained for some time by the interference of other writers on both sides. The errors of Le Clerc, pointed out by Freind, are, however, acknowledged, as well as some mistakes of his censurer.

Whatever political suspicions might have fallen upon Dr. Freind in consequence of his connections, the stain of disaffection to the reigning family must be regarded as obliterated by his appointment, on the accession of George II. to the post of physician to queen Caroline. He did not long, however, enjoy this honourable trust, for a decline of his constitution put a period to his life in July, 1728, as early as his fifty-second year. He was buried in the church of Ilitcham in Buckinghamshire, near which he had a seat; but a monument to his memory, with an elegant Latin inscription, was erected in Westminster-abbey. From a clause in this inscription, societatis convictuum amans (strangely mistranslated in the Biog. Brit.), it may be inferred that he had acquired that love of conviviality, which at that time was the usual concomitant of the classical taste imbibed at Christ-church. With this, it may be well believed that he possessed the benevolence, generosity, and warm attachment to his friends, attributed to him in the same composition.

The Latin works of Dr. Freind were published by Dr. Wigan in a folio volume, Lond. 1733, with a Latin version of the History of Physic, and a Life of the author prefixed. Several foreign editions of the same have been given. Biog. Brit. Halleri Bibl. Med. Pract. -A.

FREHER, MARQUARD, an eminent jurist and man of letters, was born in 1565, at Augsburg, of a family distinguished in the law and magistracy. He studied first at Altdorff, and was thence sent to Bourges, where he received his licence in law from the celebrated Cujas, in 1585. He was made a counsellor to the elector-palatine, John-Casimir, and in 1596 obtained the professorship of law in the university of Heidelberg. The elector Frederic IV. employed him in various important concerns, and created him vice-president of the senate. He distinguished himself by his dexterity in negociations at the courts of the king of Poland and several German princes; at the same time he did not neglect his literary pursuits, which were particularly turned to history and antiquity. Freher died at Heidelberg in 1614, at the age of forty-nine. He was the author of a variety of works esteemed by the learned. Of these the principal are, "De Re monetaria veterum

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Romanorum, & hodierni apud Germanos Imperii, Lib. II:" " Parergon, Lib. II :" « Rerum Bohemicarum Scriptores varii :" "Rerum Germanicarum Scriptores a Carolo Magno ad Fredericum III.:" "Corpus Histor. Franciæ:" "Originum Palatinorum Comment." He was a collector of ancient paintings, and possessed a well-chosen cabinet of consular and imperial medals, several of which he elucidated in his writings. Freheri Theatr. Vir. Erudit. Moreri.-A.

FREINSHEIM, JOHN, was born of respectable parents at Ulm. in 1608. He studied at the universities of Marpurg and Giessen, whence he was transferred to Strasburg. Some German poems of his composition made him known to Matthew Bernegger, who took him into his house, and gave him the use of his library. The young student improved this advantage with incessant diligence, and carried his researches into every part of literature. Bernegger, it is said, by way of a trial of his capacity, put into his hands a Florus, which historian he had not yet read. Freinsheim perused it in six hours, and returned it with several corrections of the text. His knowledge of languages was uncommonly extensive, comprehending not only those of antiquity, but most of the modern European dialects. In 1634 he was invited to Metz, to the post of interpreter to the king's secretaries. After occupying it for three years, he returned, and married the daughter of Bernegger, with whom he took up his residence. He accepted, in 1642, an invitation to undertake the professorship of politics and eloquence at Upsal. There he continued five years, when queen Christina engaged him at a liberal stipend to act as her librarian and historiographer. In 1651 he requested permission, on account of his health, to return to Germany; and in the next year he was invited to Heidelberg by the elector Charles-Lewis, and created electoral counsellor, and honorary professor in the university. In this situation he cultivated an extensive correspondence with the learned throughout Europe, and was also honoured with the friendship and esteem of many persons of rank. He died at Heidelberg in 1660, at the age of fifty-two. This learned man rendered himself eminent by his services to classical literature. He illustrated with learned commentaries, tables, &c. the Latin historians Florus, Q. Curtius, and Tacitus; and composed supplements for the lost books of Livy, which are much esteemed. He also published some Latin orations, poems, and dis

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