whose name became celebrated in foreign countries. He died in 1565. Fuchs was a man of learning, a voluminous writer, and a staunch defender of ancient medical doctrine, as existing among the Greeks. It is not worth while to transcribe the long list of his writings, now certainly no longer read, and possessing little originality. Several of them are translations of various works of Hippocrates and Galen, with commentaries. His "Medendi Methodus," and "Institutiones Medica," are almost entirely founded upon the fathers of medicine above mentioned. His "Paradoxorum Medicine Lib. III" contain much invective against the Arabians, and correction of their errors, both theoretical and practical. In his work "De Corporis humani Fabrica," he copies his anatomical descriptions from Galen and Vesalius, and was sufficiently unprejudiced to prefer the authority of the latter where they differ. He ranks among the earlier botanists, or rather herbalists, chiefly on account of his "Historia Plantarum," folio, Basil, 1542, which has been frequently reprinted, and translated into several modern languages. This is not a scientific work, and is almost entirely confined to plants used in medicine. The descriptive part is chiefly copied from Dioscorides; and in endeavouring to identify the plants of that author, he often mistakes, nor was he ready to acknowledge his errors when pointed out by Gesner. There are, however, many excellent outline figures in his work, several of them original. He had prepared a second volume of his history, and had procured many engravings for it, some of which, upon wood, are preserved at Tubingen.. Vander Linden. Freheri Theatr. Halleri Bibl. Medic. Botan. Anatom.-A.

FUESSLI, JOHN-GASPARD, an ingenious artist and writer, was born at Zurich in 1706. Having studied the principles of the graphic art under his father, who was but an indifferent painter, he left his native country in his eighteenth year, and proceeded to Vienna, unfriended and without support. In this city he soon attracted the notice of the principal nobility, and it is probable he would have spent his whole life there, had not the prince of Schwarzenberg prevailed on him to accept an invitation he had received from his son-in-law to go to Rastadt. At this place he was a favourite with the court; and even the old margravine, who had her residence at Etlingen, shewed him every mark of respect, and often expressed a desire of converting him to the catholic religion. From Rastadt he made several excursions to exercise his art, till he removed to Nuremberg, where he

formed an intimate friendship with the celebrated Rupezki, under whom he studied, with a view to improve himself in his profession. At the end of eighteen months he resolved to pay a visit to Augsburg and Munich, and then to return to Swisserland, where he arrived in the thirty-fourth year of his age, and soon after married. In consequence of his talents he was highly respected by most of the eminent artists. Mengs made him a present of a manuscript treatise On the Beautiful, which Fuessli published, with a preface; and Winkelman lived with him in habits of the closest intimacy. He had as much taste for the beauties of poetry as for those of painting, and maintained an epistolary correspondence with Kleist, Klopstock, Wieland, Bodmer, and Breitinger. Persons of the highest rank, among whom were cardinal Koth and count Firmian of Milan, thought him worthy of their friendship. Though accustomed to live with the great, he did not obtain access to them by servile adulation, but rather by the freedom and openness of his behaviour. His house was a place of resort for all those who cultivated the arts, and were fond of agreeable society. People of all ranks assembled there daily, and the conversation, which turned sometimes on the arts, and sometimes on politics, morality, and other subjects, both serious and humorous, was enlivened by ingenious sallies and anecdotes. Notwithstanding the moderate state of his circumstances, Fuessli, by means of an active mind, was able to afford more support and protection to talents and merit than many of the rich and powerful. He not only gave instruction gratis to a number of poor pupils, but collected money to enable them to proceed to places to which they had been invited. His natural activity rendered him exceedingly social and ready to serve those around him who stood in need of his assistance. Negligent in regard to himself, he was careful of others; and, though incapable of knockingat the doors of the great on his own account, he was not ashamed to collect money from them when he had it in his power to contribute towards the support of any child of misfortune. These traits in the moral character of this artist are as much deserving of notice as the peculiarity of his genius. In the years 1740 and 1742 he lost two of his best friends, Rupezki and Rugendas, both men of the first eminence in the art, and whom he highly loved and esteemed. Being desirous that their talents and virtues might not remain unknown to posterity, he wrote a biographical account of them, and as this first essay in the department of liter-

ature met with a favourable reception, he conceived a strong desire of rescuing from oblivion some of his meritorious countrymen, by publishing as complete a history as possible of the artists of Swisserland. In this work, which he completed with great labour and patience, he shewed himself a good writer and a sound critic in the arts. He died at Zurich on the 6th of May, 1782. Meister's Berühmte Zürcher. Hirsching's Manual of eminent Persons who died in the eighteenth Century.-J.

FUESSLI, JOHN-CASPAR, son of the former, a bookseller at Zurich, who died in the month of April, 1786, has made himself known by his works on entomology. These are: "Magazin für die Liebhaber der Entomologie"-Magazine for the Lovers of Entomology, vol. i. Zurich and Winterthur, 1778, with two coloured plates, vol ii. 1779, with two coloured and one uncoloured plate, 8vo.; "Neuer Magazin für die Liebhaber der Entomologie"-New Magazine for the Lovers of Entomology, vol. i. ibid. 1781, vol. ii. 1784, vol. iii. part 1st. 1786, 8vo.; "Archiv der Insekten Geschichte"-Archives of the Natural History of Insects, Zurich and Winterthur, 1781, 1786, in eight numbers, large quarto, with a great many coloured and uncoloured plates. A French translation of this work was published at Winterthur in 1793. Hirsching's Manual of eminent Persons who died in the eighteenth Century.-J.

FULBERT, a learned and worthy French prelate, who flourished at the latter end of the tenth and the beginning of the eleventh century, was an Italian by birth, and probably a Roman, as Mabillon and Fleury conjecture. He was a disciple of the learned Gerbert, who ascended the pontifical throne in the year 999, under the name of Sylvester II. From Rome he came to France, and delivered public lectures in the schools of the church of Chartres. His great reputation drew numerous scholars to him from all parts, who diffused the learning and information acquired under his instructions over France and Germany, and the other northern states of Europe; so that he is entitled to be considered as one of the principal restorers of learning, and of the sciences in his time. And the most ingenious and best-informed men among his contemporaries gloried in having been his disciples. By some historians he is said to have been made his chancellor by Robert king of France; but others contend that he was only chancellor of the church of Chartres. In the year 1007, a vacancy taking place in the see of Chartres, Fulbert was appointed to that dignity, and governed his church with great

vigilance and prudence for more than one-andtwenty years. He was also made treasurer of St. Hilary, at Poitiers, which benefice he retained in conjunction with his bishopric, and expended its profits in rebuilding his cathedral church. But though Fulbert was a friend to literature and science, he was an enemy to freedom of enquiry, when it ventured to impugn or question any of the received dogmas of the papal church; hence he was led to excite the bigotry of his clergy against the famous Berenger, for maintaining that the bread and wine in the Eucharist preserved their essential qualities after consecration, and were only symbols of what they commemorated. He was also zealous for promoting the superstitious veneration of the Virgin Mary, and was the means of introducing into France the new offices and forms of devotion in her honour, which_about this time received the papal sanction at Rome. He wrote hymns to be sung in her praise, and is said to have been the first who celebrated the festival of her nativity in that kingdom. He died in the year 1028. He was the author of "Sermons," "Hymns," and other pieces, in prose and verse, which possess few claims to merit. The most valuable of his works extant is a collection of "Letters" by himself and correspondents, one hundred and thirty-four in number, which shew in what estimation his character was held by the greatest men of his time, among whom were Robert king of France, Canute king of England, Richard II. duke of Normandy, William duke of Aquitaine, and other eminent princes and prelates. They are written with considerable correctness, delicacy, and spirit, and throw much light on the history, and particularly on the state of the ecclesiastical discipline and manners, of his age. His works were collected together, and published in a separate form at Paris, in 1608, in 8vo. by Dr. Charles de Villiers, in a negligent and inaccurate manner; and they are also inserted in the seventeenth volume of the "Bibliotheca Patrum." A Letter of his concerning ecclesiastical revenues, not inserted in his works, is to be met with in the second volume of Dachery's "Specilegium;" and another, written against the practice of some of his brother prelates who assumed the character of warriors, in the first volume of D. Mersenne's "Thesaurus Anecdotum." Tobishop Fulbert also has been ascribed, "The Life of St. Aubert, Bishop of Cambray," of which a mutilated edition was published by Surius, under the thirteenth of December. Cave's Hist. Lit. vol. II. sub sæc. Hild. Dupin. Moreri.-M.

FULDA, CHARLES-FREDERICK, one of the most ingenious German writers on language and philology, was born in 1724, in the town of Wimpfen in Swabia. He received the principles of his education in the Gymnasium of Stuttgard, and at Tubingen; and in the year 1748 was appointed chaplain to a regiment in Holland. His regiment being afterwards disbanded, he made a tour through various parts of Germany, and in 1749 completed his studies at Gottingen. In the year 1751 he was chaplain to the garrison of Asperg; and in 1757 and 1758 he obtained settlements at Einzengen and Mühlhausen. His first production was a prize dissertation on the two principal dialects of the German language, which was crowned by the Royal Society of Gottingen. The principal facts and most ingenious ideas contained in this essay he introduced, some years after, in his "Dictionary of the German Roots." If the German language was much indebted to Fulda for this work, in which he made the first attempt to illustrate the philosophy of its elements, its antiquity, and richness; it was not a little improved by the "Sprachforscher, or, Enquiry into Language," which he published in conjunction with Nast senior, of Stuttgard. His service to the German language was still farther increased by his Idiotikon." His philosophical acuteness, extensive knowledge of language and the history of it, and his indefatigable diligence in searching all the documents that could tend to illustrate the object of his pursuit, appear not only in his larger works, but in his smaller essays and papers, which were published at different times, and chiefly in the Swabian Magazine. He did not, however, confine his researches to language alone, but extended them to history and antiquities in general. Of this he gave various proofs in single dissertations, which appeared in various collections: such as, "On the Origin of the Goths;" "On the Veronese and Vicentine Cimbri ;""On the Deities of the Germans, &c." But the principal monument of his extensive and well-arranged treasure of historical knowledge, ingenuity, and inventive genius, is contained in his "Chart of History," published at Augsburg in 1783, though the historical use of it is neither so easy nor so agreeable as the author flattered himself it would be. In his younger years he was accustomed, according to the method of his preceptor Goritz of Stuttgard, to render different objects of knowledge easier to be retained in the memory by graphic representations. At a period of more maturity, he exhibited in a sort of genealogical tree the comection of all the

VOL. IV.

sciences, professions, arts, and handicrafts. In a similar manner he represented in 1787 all the organs of speech, with the origin of hutan language and ideas. His chart of history, a sketch of which was ready in 1756, arose from a similar origin. He died at Einzigen on the 11th of December, 1788. Fulda was of small stature, but lively and active. Though the philosophy of language seemed to be the principal field which he cultivated, and which he rendered fruitful with so much success, his extensive genius embraced every thing that belongs to the department of the sciences. He exercised his ingenuity also in things which one could hardly expect from an abstract thinker. All the window and bed curtains in the house were of his own making; and he not only invented implements for weaving the fringes, but worked them himself. The tables, chairs, and sofas, were also of his construction. Hirsching's Manual of eminent Persons who died in the eighteenth Century.-J.

FULGENTIUS, a Romish saint, and African prelate in the sixth century, was a descendant from an illustrious family of Carthage, driven from that city by the tyranny of the Vandals, and born at Lepte in the province of Byzacena, about the year 468. Having lost his father when he was very young, he was placed by his mother under able tutors in the Latin and Greek languages, and made extraordinary proficiency in both. He also possessed so strong a memory, that when he was a boy he could repeat the whole of Homer; and he could con verse in the Greek language with purity and fluency. When he had arrived at a proper age, his talents recommended him to an employment under government, and he was made procurator, or receiver of the revenues, of his province. The duties of his place, however, soon grew disagreeable to him, on account of the ri gour with which he was obliged to levy the taxes upon the people, and he determined to retire from the world, and embrace the religious life. In consequence of this resolution he took the vows, and placed himself under the disci pline of Faustus, a persecuted catholic bishop, who had established a monastery in the vicinity of Lepte. In the year 490, the persecutions of the Arians having followed Faustus into this retreat, and dispersed his community, Fulgentius entered into another monastery in the same neighbourhood, where the high opinion entertained of his sanctity and merits, occasioned his being appointed colleague or coabbot with Felix, the superior of that institution. Before a long time had intervened, the

LL

ature met with a favourable reception, he conceived a strong desire of rescuing from oblivion some of his meritorious countrymen, by publishing as complete a history as possible of the artists of Swisserland. In this work, which he completed with great labour and patience, he shewed himself a good writer and a sound critic in the arts. He died at Zurich on the 6th of May, 1782. Meister's Berühmte Zürcher. Hirsching's Manual of eminent Persons who died in the eighteenth Century.-J.

FUESSLI, JOHN-CASPAR, Son of the former, a bookseller at Zurich, who died in the month of April, 1786, has made himself known by his works on entomology. These are: "Magazin für die Liebhaber der Entomologie"-Magazine for the Lovers of Entomology, vol. i. Zurich and Winterthur, 1778, with two coloured plates, vol ii. 1779, with two coloured and one uncoloured plate, 8vo.; "Neuer Magazin für die Liebhaber der Entomologie"-New Magazine for the Lovers of Entomology, vol. i. ibid. 1781, vol. ii. 1784, vol. iii. part 1st. 1786, 8vo.; "Archiv der Insekten Geschichte"-Archives of the Natural History of Insects, Zurich and Winterthur, 1781, 1786, in eight numbers, large quarto, with a great many coloured and uncoloured plates. A French translation of this work was published at Winterthur in 1793. Hirsching's Manual of eminent Persons who died in the eighteenth Century.-J.

FULBERT, a learned and worthy French prelate, who flourished at the latter end of the tenth and the beginning of the eleventh century, was an Italian by birth, and probably a Roman, as Mabillon and Fleury conjecture. He was a disciple of the learned Gerbert, who ascended the pontifical throne in the year 999, under the name of Sylvester II. From Rome he came to France, and delivered public lectures in the schools of the church of Chartres. His great reputation drew numerous scholars to him from all parts, who diffused the learning and information acquired under his instructions over France and Germany, and the other northern states of Europe; so that he is entitled to be considered as one of the principal restorers of learning, and of the sciences in his time. And the most ingenious and best-informed men among his contemporaries gloried in having been his disciples. By some historians he is said to have been made his chancellor by Robert king of France; but others contend that he was only chancellor of the church of Chartres. In the year 1007, a vacancy taking place in the see of Chartres, Fulbert was appointed to that dignity, and governed his church with great

vigilance and prudence for more than one-andtwenty years. He was also made treasurer of St. Hilary, at Poitiers, which benefice he retained in conjunction with his bishopric, and expended its profits in rebuilding his cathedral church. But though Fulbert was a friend to literature and science, he was an enemy to freedom of enquiry, when it ventured to impugn or question any of the received dogmas of the papal church; hence he was led to excite the bigotry of his clergy against the famous Berenger, for maintaining that the bread and wine in the Eucharist preserved their essential qualities after consecration, and were only symbols of what they commemorated. He was also zealous for promoting the superstitious veneration of the Virgin Mary, and was the means of introducing into France the new offices and forms of devotion in her honour, which_about this time received the papal sanction at Rome. He wrote hymns to be sung in her praise, and is said to have been the first who celebrated the festival of her nativity in that kingdom. He died in the year 1028. He was the author of "Sermons," "Hymns," and other pieces, in prose and verse, which possess few claims to merit. The most valuable of his works extant is a collection of " Letters" by himself and correspondents, one hundred and thirty-four in number, which shew in what estimation his character was held by the greatest men of his time, among whom were Robert king of France, Canute king of England, Richard II. duke of Normandy, William duke of Aquitaine, and other eminent princes and prelates. They are written with considerable correctness, delicacy, and spirit, and throw much light on the history, and particularly on the state of the ecclesiastical discipline and manners, of his age. His works were collected together, and published in a separate form at Paris, in 1608, in 8vo. by Dr. Charles de Villiers, in a negligent and inaccurate manner; and they are also inserted in the seventeenth volume of the "Bibliotheca Patrum." A Letter of his concerning ecclesiastical revenues, not inserted in his works, is to be met with in the second volume of Dachery's "Specilegium;" and another, written against the practice of some of his brother prelates who assumed the character of warriors, in the first volume of D. Mersenne's "Thesaurus Anecdotum." Tobishop Fulbert also has been ascribed, "The Life of St. Aubert, Bishop of Cambray," of which a mutilated edition was published by Surius, under the thirteenth of December. Cave's Hist. Lit. vol. II. sub sæc. Hild. Dupin. Moreri.-M.