to the interests of the Polish nation. For this conduct he was prosecuted in the name of the province, and was condemned to be put to death as a disturber of the public peace. He was beheaded at Konigsberg, in 1566, in the fortyninth year of his age. He is said to have composed the following verses on the morning of his execution:

Disce, meo exemplo, mandato munere fungi.
Et fuge, ceu pestem, vodyяpreyjoçovov.

Which may be rendered, "Learn, from my example, to mind your own proper business; and avoid, as you would the plague, the itch of meddling with too many things." He was the author of a "Chronology," that was very favourably received by the learned world; in writing which he is said to have been assisted by his father-in-law Osiander, who was no mean historian. The first part of it, reaching from Adam to the birth of Christ, was printed in the year 1544. In 1554 the whole of the Chronology was published, beginning with the creation of the world, and ending with the year of Christ 1552. In a third edition, revised and corrected, he brought it down as far as the year 1560. He was also the author of " Commentaries upon the Apocalypse;" "The Life of Andrew Osiander;" "The Life of Vitus Theodorus," &c. Melch. Adam. Vit. Germ. Theol. Moreri. Bayle.-M.

FURETIERE, ANTONY, a French man of letters, born in 1620, was a native of Paris. He first pursued the study of the law, and for a time exercised the charge of procureur-fiscal of the abbey of St. Germain des Prés. He then entered into the ecclesiastical state, and obtained the abbacy of Chalivoi and the priory of Chuines. He made himself known by various compositions in verse and prose, and became a member of the French academy, the meetings of which he attended with great assiduity. That body was then engaged in the compilement of its Dictionary, of which circumstance Furetiere was supposed to take advantage in framing one of his own, of which a specimen appeared in 1684. 1 his embroiled him with the academy, and caused his expulsion from that society in 1685. Furetiere published a factum in his own justification, but it was so full of satire and personal abuse, that it served to widen the breach; and though his place remained unoccupied, he continued in a state of exclusion till his death in 1688. The academy manifested its surviving resentment, by decreeing that the usual funeral service on the death of a member should not be performed for

VOL. IV.

him. He was, indeed, a man of a caustic and malignant disposition; and could not refrain from sarcasms, even without provocation, as he shewed by an attack upon the peaceable La Fontaine. When Boileau read his satires to him, Furetiere testified a malicious joy at the prospect of a literary war, which in the end would fall upon the head of its author. To this the poet is supposed to allude in these lines of his satire, entitled "A son Esprit :"

A peine quelquefois je me force à lire,

Pour plaire a quelque ami que charme la fatyre, Qui me flatte, peutêtre, & d'un souris moqueur, Rit tout haut de l'ouvrage, & tout bas de l'auteur.

Rarely I bring the bashful lines to sight,
Forc'd by some friend whom satire's strains delight,
Who gives me praise, and, with a roguish glee,
Laughs at my work aloud, and low at me.

The Dictionary of Furetiere did not appear till 1690, under the title of "Dictionnaire Universel," two volumes folio. Basnage de Beauval published an improved edition in 1701, three volumes folio, which was reprinted at Amsterdam in 1725, four volumes folio. It has served as the basis of what is called the "Dictionnaire de Trevoux," of which the last edition was in 1771, eight volumes folio. Furetiere's other works were, "Five Satires, in verse;" the "Gospel Parables, in verse;" and "Le Roman Bourgeois." A "Furetiana" appeared after his death, but is little esteemed. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

FURGOLE, JOHN-BAPTIST, a learned writer on legal antiquities, born in 1690 at CastelFerrus, in Lower Armagnac, was an advocate in the parliament of Toulouse. He was esteemed and patronised by the chancellor D'Aguesseau, who encouraged him to publish the works by which he obtained his reputation. Of these, the most generally interesting are, "Traité des Curés Primitifs," 4to. 1736; "Traité des Testamens & autres Dispositions de dernier Volonté," four volumes 4to. 1745; "Traité de la Seigneurie feodale universelle, & du Franc-aleu naturel," 12mo. 1767. He was made capitoul of Toulouse in 1745, and died much regretted in 1761. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A.

FURIUS ANTIAS, an ancient Latin poet, was contemporary with Q. Lutatius Catulus, who is recorded to have sent him a treaty made during his consulate, B. C. 102. This circumstance renders it probable that it was this Furius (and not the following) who composed annals in verse. A. Gellius (I. xviii. c. 11.) mentions him as having been censured by a grammarian

M M

for certain innovations in language, and quotes some lines from him, which appear inflated. Macrobius affirms that Virgil borrowed considerably from Furius the annalist, and copies some lines in proof of his assertion. Vossii Poet. Latin. Moreri.—A.

FURIUS BIBACULUS, M. a Latin poet, born at Cremona, B.C. 102 or 103, was con

temporary with Cicero. He wrote a poem on the Gallic war, in which, probably, were contained those contumelious verses against Cæsar which are referred to by Tacitus and Suetonius. Horace has consigned to ridicule a line, probably from this piece, which shews Furius to have been little delicate or select in the use of metaphor.

Furius (Jupiter) hibernas cana nive conspuit Alpes. SAT. Lib. ii. 5.

In the verse preceding, Horace calls him "pingui tentus omaso ;" whence it is concluded that he was fat, and gross in his diet. He was intimate with the grammarian Valerius Cato, whose learning he praises, while he laments his indigence, in some lines, written in an easy style, quoted by Suetonius in his book On illustrious Grammarians. The fragments remaining of both the Furii are to be met with in the Corpus Poetar. Latin. Vossii Poet. Lat. Moreri.-A.

FURNEAUX, PHILIP, a learned English nonconformist divine, in the eighteenth century, was a descendant from reputable, but not opulent, parents, at Totness in Devonshire, where he was born in the year 1726. His classical education he received at the freeschool in his native town, at the same time with Mr. afterwards the learned Dr. Kennicott, with whom he contracted an intimacy and friendship, which lasted through life. As he was designed for the profession of the ministry, he was sent at a proper age to an academical institution in London, which was supported by the funds bequeathed by Mr. Coward. In that institution he studied with great diligence for five years, when he passed through his examination, preparatory to his settling in the work of the ministry, in a manner that reflected much honour on his abilities and acquirements. Soon after he commenced public preacher he was chosen assistant to Mr. Henry Read, pastor of a presbyterian congregation in St. Thomas's, Southwark; and afterwards he became one of the Sunday-evening lecturers at Salters'-hall, in the city of London. For many years he maintained his connection with that lecture, and

was justly admired by the most discerning and liberal of the dissenters in the metropolis, on account of the solemnity and fervour of his devotional exercises, and the comprehensiveness, solidity, energy, and invariable practical tendency, of his pulpit discourses. In the year 1753 he succeeded the reverend and learned Moses Lowman as pastor of the congregation at Clapham, in the county of Surrey, which, under his ministry, became one of the most opulent and considerable among the protestant dissenters in the vicinity of London. In this situation he continued his ministerial services. for more than twenty-three years, highly esteemed and beloved by his own flock, and respected for his extensive learning and eminent talents by the dissenters in general. During this time he was chosen one of the trustees of those funds, to which he was partly indebted for his education; and distinguished himself by his attention to their proper application, and the encouragement which he gave to such pupils as afforded evidence of superior abilities, or superior diligence in their studies. He also received the diploma of doctor of divinity from one of our northern universities. In the year 1777 he was attacked by a malady, which ter minated in a derangement of his mental powers, from which he never recovered to the time of his death in 1783, when he had nearly completed the fifty-seventh year of his age. Exclusive of some single sermons, he gave to the public only two productions of his pen, which, however, are works of uncommon merit in their kind, and display extensive knowledge, great acuteness of reasoning, accurate discrimination, and much liberality and candour of spirit. The first is entitled "Letters to the Honourable Mr. Justice Blackstone, concerning his Exposition of the Act of Toleration, and some Positions relating to religious Liberty, in his celebrated Commentaries on the Laws of England," 8vo. 1770. Notwithstanding that the learned judge did neither answer this treatise, ner make any public acknowledgment of his having incautiously exposed himself to the animadversions. contained in it, yet that he felt their force may fairly be concluded from the alteration or the omission of some of the obnoxious passages in the subsequent editions of his excellent work. To the second edition of these letters Dr. Furneaux subjoined the eloquent and argumentative speech of lord Mansfield, in the cause between the dissenters and the city of London in the House of Lords, in the year 1767; which he wrote from memory, but with such correctness, that it received the full approbation of his

Jordship, who had no notes on that occasion. That learned lord entertained a great respect for the character of Dr. Furneaux, and besides being frequent in his enquiries after him, was a liberal contributor towards the funds raised by the members of his church and other friends, for his support and comfortable accommodation in his state of melancholy confinement. The other treatise published by Dr. Furneaux was "An Essay on Toleration," 8vo. 1778; in which he had a particular view to an application which had then been lately made by the dissenting ministers to parliament, but without success, for that relief in matters of subscription, which they obtained by a subsequent act passed in 1779. Gent. Mag. for Dec. 1783. Private Information.-M.

FURSTEMBERG, FERDINAND DE, an eminent prelate, was a descendant from the free barons of that name in Westphalia, and was born at Bilstein in 1626. He studied at Cologne, where he contracted an intimate friendship with the nuncio Chigi, who, upon his return to Rome, and elevation to the cardinalate, invited Furstemberg to reside with him. When seated in the papal chair by the name of Alexander VII. he conferred several benefices on him, and by his recommendation procured his election to the bishopric of Paderborn in 1661. The high reputation Furstemberg acquired in this station caused him to be appointed by the famous bishop of Munster, Van Galen, his coadjutor; and upon the death of that prelate, in 1678, he succeeded to the see, and was declared by the pope apostolicalvicar of all the north of Europe. He shewed himself worthy of this trust by extraordinary zeal in making converts, which he carried so far as to support considerable foundations for the propagation of the catholic religion in China and Japan. At the same time he did not neglect the cultivation of the belles-lettres, either by his own efforts, or those of many learned men whom he patronised. He collected a number of manuscripts and monuments of antiquity, and gave to the world a valuable work relative to these objects, entitled "Monumenta Paderbornensia," Amst. 1672, 4to. He also printed at Rome a collection of Latin poems, under the title of "Septem Virorum illustrium Poemata," which contained several of his own, written with much purity. He died in 1683. Soon after his death a magnificent edition of his Latin poems was printed at the Louvre, at the expence of the king of France. Baillet. Moreri.-A.

FUSI, ANTHONY, a French catholic priest, and afterwards a convert to the protestant religion, was a descendant from a noble family, and born in Lorrain, towards the latter end of the sixteenth century. He entered while young among the Jesuits, but did not continue long in their connection. Afterwards he pursued his studies in the university of Lorrain, where he took his degrees in theology, and then removed to Paris, where he received the bonnet of doctor from the faculty of the Sorbonne. In that city he was preferred to the benefice of St. Bartholomew, with the annexed cures of St. Leu and St. Giles; and he had also the appointments of apostolical prothonotary, and of preacher and confessor in the royal household. His enemies accused him of being an immoral liver, and guilty of concubinage; but Peter de l'Etoille, who knew him well, gives him the character of a virtuous and good man. He appears, however, to have indulged to greater liberality of opinion than could be tolerated by bigotted Catholics, and to have advanced sentiments concerning the salvation of children who died without baptism, and on other topics, which were made the subjects of complaint against him before his ecclesiastical superiors. And it is said that he was obliged to retract them, under the penalty of being formally censured by the faculty of theology, and deprived of his benefices. Fusi was also an enemy to persecution for conscience sake, and freely exposed to his parishioners the iniquity and folly of attempting to make converts to truth by force and violence, urging them, by deeds of christian charity, and their own exemplary lives, to invite deluded wanderers into the pale of the church. He entertained, however, a thorough dislike to the Jesuits, and would never suffer any of that fraternity to enter his pulpit; with that formidable and revengeful body, therefore, he became an object of deep resentment, and they resolved to ruin him. By their management the churchwardens of St. Leu were induced to institute a criminal process against him in the year 1609, in which they accused him of lewdness, heresy, and witchcraft. While the suit was pending, a satirical piece, entitled "Le Mastigophore, ou Precurseur de Zodiaque, &c." made its appearance, intended to ridicule Nicholas Vivian, master of accounts, first churchwarden of St. Leu, and the principal instrument in carrying on the process against Fusi, for the part which he took in that business. This piece was attributed to Fusi, who disavowed it; but Vivian commenced a prosecution against him as the

the corrupt times of the republic, first began to rise to notice under the dictator Sylla, B.C. 82, when he was sent as an envoy to Muræna, then commanding in Asia. He arrived at the consulate B.C. 58; and in the next year, through the intrigues of Clodius, obtained the government of the rich province of Syria, the favourite object of the cupidity of Roman pro-consuls. After exhausting that unhappy country by his oppressions, he carried his arms into Judea against Alexander, son of Aristobulus, whom he reduced to sue for peace; and he re-established Hyrcan in the dignity of pontiff, and regulated the government of that country according to a new system. He next, upon promise of a large sum, agreed to replace on the throne of Parthia, Mithridates, who had been expelled by his brother Orodes. He had crossed the Euphrates upon this expedition, when he was overtaken by Ptolemy Auletes king of Egypt, who, on Pompey's recommendation, came to persuade Gabinius to undertake his re-establishment in his kingdom, then usurped by his son-in-law Archelaus. The Roman, for the enormous bribe of ten thousand talents, half of which was to be paid in hand, made no scruple of deserting Mithridates; and though it was contrary to an express law for a governor to march out of his province or engage in a new war without the consent of the senate, yet, confiding in the authority of Pompey, he proceeded with his army towards Egypt. He dispatched his general of the horse, Mark Antony, to secure the passes, and following into the heart of the country, gave Archelaus a total defeat, and took him prisoner. For a large ransom he suffered him to escape; but the ambition of the young prince induced him again to take up arms, and he stood a long siege in Alexandria. At length he was slain in battle, and Ptolemy was quietly seated on his throne. In the mean time Gabinius was accused at Rome of high crimes and misdemeanors, and Cicero employed the thunders of his eloquence against him, as one who had disgraced and rendered odious the Roman name. Such was the indignation excited among the people, that he would have

supported by the consuls Pompey and Crassus. Gabinius returned to Rome, B.C. 54, and was first impeached of high-treason, of which charge he was acquitted by a small majority. He was then tried upon two other actions for corruption and extortion, and though he was now, in compliance with the request of Pompey, defended by Cicero, he was condemned to perpetual banishment. He expended his ill-gotten wealth in bribes to his judges, and lived abroad in poverty and obscurity, till the breaking out of the civil war between Cæsar and Pompey. The former of these leaders, knowing his military talents, made him one of his lieutenants. In this quality, marching through Illyricum, he was defeated with great loss by the people of the province, and compelled to take refuge in Salona. There, after contending some months against great distress, he died of disease. Appian. Josephi Antiq. Cicero Orat. Hirtii Bell. Alexandr. Univers. Hist.-A.

GABRIEL-SEVERUS, a Greek prelate in the sixteenth and the beginning of the seventeenth century, was a native of Malvasia, or Monembasia, near the scite of the ancient Epidaurus, in Peloponnesus. He was consecrated bishop of Philadelphia at Constantinople in the year 1577 by the patriarch Jeremy; but finding the Greeks in that diocese to be few in number, he removed to Venice, where he exercised the archiepiscopal functions over the members of his communion in the territories of that republic. In that city he published, in the Greek language, a treatise on the Sacraments, a defence of the Greek church against the terms of union enjoined by the council of Florence, and other treatises on the rites of the Greek church, &c. They were published in a collective form at Paris, in 1671, by Richard Simon, under the title of "Fides Ecclesiæ Orientalis, seu Gabrielis Metropolitæ Philadelphiensis Opuscula," in 4to. Cardinal du Perron, in his treatise On the Eucharist, has referred to the works of this prelate when endeavouring to shew, that the Greek church held the doctrine of transubstantiation precisely as it is maintained by the Latin church. In the