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measures and tones, with rules for composing, and other practical parts of ancient and modern music. The first book is entitled, "Foromino, o Dialogo, nel quale si contengono le vere & necessarie Regole di intavolare la Musica nel Lutto," 1569, folio. He likewise wrote a defence of it, entitled "Dialogo della Musica antica & moderna in suo Difeso contra Joseffo Zarlino," 1602, folio. Moreri. Landi's Hist. de la Lit. d'Italie, vol. V. liv. xiii. art. 2. Martin's Biog. Phil. Maclaurin's Account of Sir I. Newton's Philosophical Discoveries, B. I. ch. in. Hutton's Math. Dict.-M.

GALLAND, ANTONY, a member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, eminent for his Oriental knowledge, was born of mean parentage at Rollo in Picardy, in 1646. He received his early education at the college of Noyon, whence he was taken in order to be put to some trade. But his inclination for literature carried him to Paris, where he pursued his studies under M. Petitpied, a doctor of the Sorbonne, and afterwards at the college of Mazarin, Becoming particularly conversant with the Oriental languages, he was taken as a companion by M. de Nointel in his embassy to Constantinople and the Levant, where he collected a rich treasure of inscriptions and drawings of antiquities. Returning to Paris in 1675, he made acquaintance with Vaillant and other medalists, who engaged him in a second voyage to the Levant. He went thither a third time in 1679, partly at the expence of the French East-India company, and partly at that of Colbert. In this tour he perfected his knowledge of the principal modern Oriental languages, and made numerous observations. On his return, he was employed by Thevenot, the king's librarian; and after the death of d'Herbelot he continued the publication of his Biblioth. Orientale, and wrote the preface of it. He was appointed royal professor of Arabic in 1709. He died in 1715, at the age of sixty-nine. Galland was a man of simple manners, wholly attached to study, and careless about the ordinary objects of life. Of his works, none is so well known as his version of the Arabian tales, called "The Thousand and One Nights," which has become a popular book throughout Europe. Its authenticity is at present not doubted, though he has probably taken liberties with the original. He published various other pieces translated from the eastern languages, and several explanations of medals and other matters of antiquity in the Mem. of the Academy of Inscriptions, Mem. de Trevoux, and other collections. Moreri.-A.

GALLAND, AUGUSTUS, a French lawyer and historian of the seventeenth century, was attorney-general of Navarre, and a counsellor of state. He was extremely well versed in legal and historical antiquities, as he proved by several learned writings. One of the most celebrated of these was that which he composed against the allodial rights pretended by some of the provinces of written law, to which he added the laws given to the Albigenses by Simon de Montfort. This work was first published at Paris in 1629, and he at Paris in 1629, and he gave a much augmented edition in 1637. He likewise published in 1637 several little treatises relative to the ancient banners, &c. of France. He is supposed to have died about 1644. His son, in 1648, published his Memoirs for the history of Navarre and Flanders. A "Discours au Roi," concerning the origin, progress, &c. of the city of Rochelle, published anonymously in 1628 and 1629, is ascribed to this author. Many genealogies of noble families drawn up by his hand, are (or were) preserved in different libraries. Moreri.-A.

GALLE', SERVATIUS (in Latin Gallaus), a learned Dutch divine, and pastor of the Walloon church at Haarlem, died at Campen in the year 1709. He was the editor of a beautiful and excellent edition of Lactantius, "cum Notis variorum," printed by Hackius, 1660, 8vo.; and the author of "Dissertationes de Sybillis, earumque Oraculis," 1688, 4to.; and of a new impression, with enlargements and corrections, of Opsopeus's edition of the Sybilline oracles, entitled "Sybillina Oracula, ex veteribus Codicibus, emendata & restituta, &c. accedunt Oracula Magica Zoroastris, Jovis, Apollinis, &c. Gr. & Lat. cum Notis variorum, &c." 1689, 4to. Some time before his death he had also begun a new edition of Minutius Felix, which he did not live to complete. Fabricii Bibl. Grac. vol. I. lib. i. cap. 32. Moreri. Dict. Bibl. Hist. & Crit.-M.

GALLIENUS, P, LICINIUS, Roman emperor, son of Valerian, was raised to the purple by his father at his accession in 253, being then eighteen or twenty years of age. He was immediately sent to the banks of the Rhine, in order to oppose an incursion of the Germans or Franks into Gaul; and with the aid of the able general Posthumus, he obtained several advanfages over them. At this period the Roman empire was invaded on all sides by the surrounding barbarians; and a war with the Persians produced the defeat and captivity of Valerian in 260. Gallienus received the intelligence of this disaster with an affectation of philosophy,

which ill concealed his pleasure at the removal of a partner and a superior. He thenceforth reigned alone, and gave full display to a character which has ranked him with the worst of the Roman emperors. He possessed a lively genius, which enabled him to succeed in a variety of pursuits, but his inconstancy and want of judgment rendered him a trifler, and unfitted him for the more weighty duties of his station. "He was," says Gibbon, "a master of several curious but useless sciences, a ready orator and elegant poet, a skilful gardener, an excellent cook, and most contemptible prince." He amused himself with philosophy; and was, it is said, upon the point of giving Plotinus, the Platonist, a ruined city for the purpose of making the experiment of Plato's republic. He was habitually voluptuous and indolent; yet at times, under some sudden emotion, he appeared either the intrepid warrior, or the merciless tyrant. The inconsequence of his character, together with the circumstances of the times, produced the temporary elevation of a multitude of competitors in different parts of the empire; and the reign of Gallienus is the era of that confused and turbulent period usually call ed that of the thirty tyrants, but whose real number was not more than nineteen. Of these, several were persons of much greater merit than the regular possessor of the throne, and all ideas of hereditary right were confounded by the military and tumultuary election of so many emperors. It is not intended here to pursue the involved history of this period: it will suffice to mention some of those events which more particularly display the character of Gallienus. The revolt of Posthumus in Gaul, was attended with the murder of an infant son of the emperor. He was, however, so little affected with the loss of that great province, that he said with a philosophical smile, "Is the state ruined because we are no longer to have stuffs of Arras?" It was fortunate that the vigour of that usurper kept the surrounding barbarians from encroaching upon his frontier. The Illyrian rebellion, headed by Ingenuus, seems to have excited his utmost indignation. After its suppression, he vented his anger in this savage mandate to one of his ministers: "It is not enough that you exterminate those who have appeared in arms; the male sex of every age must be extirpated-let every one die who has dropt an expression, or even entertained a thought, against me-tear, kill, hew in pieces." Odenathus, prince of Palmyra, by his fidelity and services to the empire, stands honourably apart from the rivals of the throne. He re

pressed the incursions of the victorious Sapor king of Persia, and rescued the eastern provinces. Gallienus, through policy or gratitude, raised him to the rank of Augustus; and indulged his own vanity in a triumph on account of his victories. The emperor appears occasionally to have acted with vigour against his numerous enemies, and either by his exertions, or those of his lieutenants, they almost all came to a violent end. He was, however, nearly confined to the possession of Italy, for which itself he was at length obliged to contend against the rebel Aureolus. Gallienus defeated him, and besieged him in Milan. A conspiracy was there formed against the emperor by his own officers; and upon the alarm of a sally from Aureolus, as he proceeded on horseback to the spot without his guards, he received a wound from an uncertain hand, of which he died in a few hours. The treason was completed by the subsequent massacre of his brother and remaining son. Gallienus was killed in March 268, after a reign of fifteen years including his partnership with his father; of eight years, alone. His memory was treated with execration at Rome, but his successor Claudius honoured him with the accustomed deification. Univers. Hist. Gibbon. Crevier. -A.

GALLONIUS, ANTHONY, a priest of the congregation of the Oratory at Rome, who flourished in the sixteenth century, was a native of that city, and died there in the year 1605. He was the author of "A History of Virgins," 1591, 4to.; "The Lives of certain Martyrs,' 1597, 4to.; "The Life of St. Philip Neri," founder of the congregation of the Oratory, in 8vo.; and, "Apologeticus Liber pro Assertis in Annalibus Ecclesiasticis Baronianis de Monachatu Sancti Gregoriæ Papæ, &c." 1604, 4to. But the most celebrated of his works, and the most interesting to curiosity, is a treatise on the different kinds of cruelties inflicted by the pagans on the martyrs of the primitive church; illustrated by engravings of the instruments of torture made use of by them, taken not only from the accounts of the acts of the martyrs, many of which are of questionable authority, but also from ancient authors of indisputable credit, profane as well as ecclesiastical. The first edi tion of it was in Italian, and entitled "Trattato de gli Instrumenti di Martirio, &c." 1591, 4to. with copper-plates executed by the celebrated Anthony Tempesta. This work the author translated into Latin, and published it at Rome in 1594, 4to. with the title, "De Sanctorum Martyrum Cruciatibus, &c." illus

measures and tones, with rules for composing, and other practical parts of ancient and modern music. The first book is entitled, "Foromino, o Dialogo, nel quale si contengono le vere & necessarie Regole di intavolare la Musica nel Lutto," 1569, folio. He likewise wrote a defence of it, entitled "Dialogo della Musica antica & moderna in suo Difeso contra Joseffo Zarlino," 1602, folio. Moreri. Landi's Hist. de la Lit. d'Italie, vol. V. liv. xiii. art. 2. Martin's Biog. Phil. Maclaurin's Account of Sir I. Newton's Philosophical Discoveries, B. I. ch. iii. Hutton's Math. Dict.-M.

GALLAND, ANTONY, a member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, eminent for his Oriental knowledge, was born of mean parentage at Rollo in Picardy, in 1646. He received his early education at the college of Noyon, whence he was taken in order to be put to some trade. But his inclination for literature carried him to Paris, where he pursued his studies under M. Petitpied, a doctor of the Sorbonne, and afterwards at the college of Mazarin. Becoming particularly conversant with the Oriental languages, he was taken as a companion by M. de Nointel in his embassy to Constantinople and the Levant, where he collected a rich treasure of inscriptions and drawings of antiquities. Returning to Paris in 1675, he made acquaintance with Vaillant and other medalists, who engaged him in a second voyage to the Levant. He went thither a third time in 1679, partly at the expence of the French East-India company, and partly at that of Colbert. In this tour he perfected his knowledge of the principal modern Oriental languages, and made numerous observations. On his return, he was employed by Thevenot, the king's librarian; and after the death of d'Herbelot he continued the publication of his Biblioth. Orientale, and wrote the preface of it. He was appointed royal professor of Arabic in 1709. He died in 1715, at the age of sixty-nine. Galland was a man of simple manners, wholly attached to study, and careless about the ordinary objects of life. Of his works, none is so well known as his version of the Arabian tales, called "The Thousand and One Nights," which has become a popular book throughout Europe. Its authenticity is at present not doubted, though he has probably taken liberties with the original. He published various other pieces translated from the eastern languages, and several explanations of medals and other matters of antiquity in the Mem. of the Academy of Inscriptions, Mem. de Trevoux, and other col

lections. Moreri.-A.

GALLAND, AUGUSTUS, a French lawyer and historian of the seventeenth century, was attorney-general of Navarre, and a counsellor of state. He was extremely well versed in legal and historical antiquities, as he proved by several learned writings. One of the most cele brated of these was that which he composed against the allodial rights pretended by some of the provinces of written law, to which he added the laws given to the Albigenses by Simon de Montfort. This work was first published at Paris in 1629, and he gave a much augmented edition in 1637. He likewise published in 1637 several little treatises relative to the ancient banners, &c. of France. He is supposed to have died about 1644. His son, in 1648, published his Memoirs for the history of Navarre and Flanders. A "Discours au Roi," concerning the origin, progress, &c. of the city of Rochelle, published anonymously in 1628 and 1629, is ascribed to this author. Many genealogies of noble families drawn up by his hand, are (or were) preserved in different libraries. Moreri.-A.

GALLE', SERVATIUS (in Latin Galleus), a learned Dutch divine, and pastor of the Walloon church at Haarlem, died at Campen in the year 1709. He was the editor of a beautiful and excellent edition of Lactantius, “cum Notis variorum," printed by Hackius, 1660, 8vo.; and the author of "Dissertationes de Sybillis, earumque Oraculis," 1688, 4to.; and of a new impression, with enlargements and corrections, of Opsopaus's edition of the Sybilline oracles, entitled "Sybillina Oracula, ex veteribus Codicibus, emendata & restituta, &c. accedunt Oracula Magica Zoroastris, Jovis, Apollinis, &c. Gr. & Lat. cum Notis variorum, &c." 1689, 4to. Some time before his death he had also begun a new edition of Minutius Felix, which he did not live to complete. Fa bricii Bibl. Grac. vol. I. lib. i. cap. 32. Moreri. Dict. Bibl. Hist. & Crit.-M.

GALLIENUS, P, LICINIUS, Roman emperor, son of Valerian, was raised to the purple by his father at his accession in 253, being then eighteen or twenty years of age. He was immediately sent to the banks of the Rhine, in order to oppose an incursion of the Germans or Franks into Gaul; and with the aid of the able general Posthumus, he obtained several advantages over them. At this period the Roman empire was invaded on all sides by the sur rounding barbarians; and a war with the Persians produced the defeat and captivity of Valerian in 260. Gallienus received the intelligence of this disaster with an affectation of philosophy,

which ill concealed his pleasure at the removal of a partner and a superior. He thenceforth reigned alone, and gave full display to a character which has ranked him with the worst of the Roman emperors. He possessed a lively genius, which enabled him to succeed in a variety of pursuits, but his inconstancy and want of judgment rendered him a trifler, and unfitted him for the more weighty duties of his station. "He was," says Gibbon, "a master of several curious but useless sciences, a ready orator and elegant poet, a skilful gardener, an excellent cook, and most contemptible prince." He amused himself with philosophy; and was, it is said, upon the point of giving Plotinus, the Platonist, a ruined city for the purpose of making the experiment of Plato's republic. He was habitually voluptuous and indolent; yet at times, under some sudden emotion, he appeared either the intrepid warrior, or the merciless tyrant. The inconsequence of his character, together with the circumstances of the times, produced the temporary elevation of a multitude of competitors in different parts of the empire; and the reign of Gallienus is the era of that confused and turbulent period usually call ed that of the thirty tyrants, but whose real number was not more than nineteen. Of these, several were persons of much greater merit than the regular possessor of the throne, and all ideas of hereditary right were confounded by the military and tumultuary election of so many emperors. It is not intended here to pursue the involved history of this period: it will suffice to mention some of those events which more particularly display the character of Gallienus. The revolt of Posthumus in Gaul, was attended with the murder of an infant son of the emperor. He was, however, so little affected with the loss of that great province, that he said with a philosophical smile, "Is the state ruined because we are no longer to have stuffs of Arras?" It was fortunate that the vigour of that usurper kept the surrounding barbarians from encroaching upon his frontier. The Illyrian rehis frontier. The Illyrian rebellion, headed by Ingenuus, seems to have excited his utmost indignation. After its suppression, he vented his anger in this savage mandate to one of his ministers: "It is not enough that you exterminate those who have appeared in arms; the male sex of every age must be extirpated-let every one die who has dropt an expression, or even entertained a thought, against me-tear, kill, hew in pieces." Odenathus, prince of Palmyra, by his fidelity and services to the empire, stands honourably apart from the rivals of the throne. He re

pressed the incursions of the victorious Sapor king of Persia, and rescued the eastern provinces. Gallienus, through policy or gratitude, raised him to the rank of Augustus; and indulged his own vanity in a triumph on account of his victories. The emperor appears occasionally to have acted with vigour against his numerous enemies, and either by his exertions, or those of his lieutenants, they almost all came to a violent end. He was, however, nearly confined to the possession of Italy, for which itself he was at length obliged to contend against the rebel Aureolus. Gallienus defeated him, and besieged him in Milan. A conspiracy was there formed against the emperor by his own officers; and upon the alarm of a sally from Aureolus, as he proceeded on horseback to the spot without his guards, he received a wound from an uncertain hand, of which he died in a few hours. The treason was com pleted by the subsequent massacre of his brother and remaining son. Gallienus was killed in March 268, after a reign of fifteen years including his partnership with his father; of eight years, alone. His memory was treated with execration at Rome, but his successor Claudius honoured him with the accustomed deification. Univers. Hist. Gibbon. Crevier. —A.

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GALLONIUS, ANTHONY, a priest of the congregation of the Oratory at Rome, who flourished in the sixteenth century, was a native of that city, and died there in the year 1605. He was the author of " A History of Virgins,” 1591, 4to.; "The Lives of certain Martyrs,' 1597, 4to.; "The Life of St. Philip Neri," founder of the congregation of the Oratory, in 8vo.; and, "Apologeticus Liber pro Assertis in Annalibus Ecclesiasticis Baronianis de Monachatu Sancti Gregoriæ Papæ, &c." 1604, 4to. But the most celebrated of his works, and the most interesting to curiosity, is a treatise on the different kinds of cruelties inflicted by the pagans on the martyrs of the primitive church; illustrated by engravings of the instruments of torture made use of by them, taken not only from the accounts of the acts of the martyrs, many of which are of questionable authority, but also from ancient authors of indisputable credit, profane as well as ecclesiastical. The first edi tion of it was in Italian, and entitled "Trattato de gli Instrumenti di Martirio, &c." 1591, 4to. with copper-plates executed by the celebrated Anthony Tempesta. This work the author translated into Latin, and published it at Rome in 1594, 4to. with the title, "De Sanctorum Martyrum Cruciatibus, Sec." illus

measures and tones, with rules for composing, and other practical parts of ancient and modern music. The first book is entitled, "Foromino, o Dialogo, nel quale si contengono le vere & necessarie Regole di intavolare la Musica nel Lutto," 1569, folio. He likewise wrote a defence of it, entitled "Dialogo della Musica antica & moderna in suo Difeso contra Joseffo Zarlino," 1602, folio. Moreri. Landi's Hist. de la Lit. d'Italie, vol. V. liv. xiii. art. 2. Martin's Biog. Phil. Maclaurin's Account of Sir I. Newton's Philosophical Discoveries, B. I. ch. iii. Hutton's Math. Dict.-M.

GALLAND, ANTONY, a member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, eminent for his Oriental knowledge, was born of mean parentage at Rollo in Picardy, in 1646. He received his early education at the college of Noyon, whence he was taken in order to be put to some trade. But his inclination for literature carried him to Paris, where he pursued his studies under M. Petitpied, a doctor of the Sorbonne, and afterwards at the college of Mazarin. Becoming particularly conversant with the Oriental languages, he was taken as a companion by M. de Nointel in his embassy to Constantinople and the Levant, where he collected a rich treasure of inscriptions and drawings of antiquities. Returning to Paris in 1675, he made acquaintance with Vaillant and other medalists, who engaged him in a second voyage to the Levant. He went thither a third time in 1679, partly at the expence of the French East-India company, and partly at that of Colbert. In this tour he perfected his knowledge of the principal modern Oriental languages, and made numerous observations. On his return, he was employed by Thevenot, the king's librarian; and after the death of d'Herbelot he continued the publication of his Biblioth. Orientale, and wrote the preface of it. He was appointed royal professor of Arabic in 1709. He died in 1715, at the age of sixty-nine. Galland was a man of simple manners, wholly attached to study, and careless about the ordinary objects of life. Of his works, none is so well known as his version of the Arabian tales, called "The Thousand and One Nights," which has become a popular book throughout Europe. Its authenticity is at present not doubted, though he has probably taken liberties with the original. He published various other pieces translated from the eastern languages, and several explanations of medals and other matters of antiquity in the Mem. of the Academy of Inscriptions, Mem. de Trevoux, and other col

lections. Moreri.-A.

GALLAND, AUGUSTUS, a French lawyer and historian of the seventeenth century, was attorney-general of Navarre, and a counsellor of state. He was extremely well versed in legal and historical antiquities, as he proved by several learned writings. One of the most celebrated of these was that which he composed against the allodial rights pretended by some of the provinces of written law, to which he added the laws given to the Albigenses by Simon de Montfort. This work was first published at Paris in 1629, and he gave a much augmented edition in 1637. He likewise published in 1637 several little treatises relative to the ancient banners, &c. of France. He is supposed to have died about 1644. His son, in 1648, published his Memoirs for the history of Navarre and Flanders. A "Discours au Roi," concerning the origin, progress, &c. of the city of Rochelle, published anonymously in 1628 and 1629, is ascribed to this author. Many genealogies of noble families drawn up by his hand, are (or were) preserved in different libraries. Moreri.-A.

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GALLE, SERVATIUS (in Latin Gallaus), a learned Dutch divine, and pastor of the Walloon church at Haarlem, died at Campen in the year 1709. He was the editor of a beautiful and excellent edition of Lactantius, "cum Notis variorum," printed by Hackius, 1660, 8vo.; and the author of "Dissertationes de Sybillis, earumque Oraculis," 1688, 4to. ; of a new impression, with enlargements and corrections, of Opsopæus's edition of the Sybilline oracles, entitled "Sybillina Oracula, ex veteribus Codicibus, emendata & restituta, &c. accedunt Oracula Magica Zoroastris, Jovis, Apollinis, &c. Gr. & Lat. cum Notis variorum, &c." 1689, 4to. Some time before his death he had also begun a new edition of Minutius Felix, which he did not live to complete. Fa bricii Bibl. Grac. vol. I. lib. i. cap. 32. Moreri. Dict. Bibl. Hist. & Crit.-M.

GALLIENUS, P. LICINIUS, Roman emperor, son of Valerian, was raised to the purple by his father at his accession in 253, being then eighteen or twenty years of age. He was immediately sent to the banks of the Rhine, in order to oppose an incursion of the Germans or Franks into Gaul; and with the aid of the able general Posthumus, he obtained several advan tages over them. At this period the Roman empire was invaded on all sides by the surrounding barbarians; and a war with the Persians produced the defeat and captivity of Valerian in 260. Gallienus received the intelligence of this disaster with an affectation of philosophy,

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