that he should be removed from the lodgings which he had before occupied, to a meaner apartment, in which he should only have one attendant, approved of by the lieutenant of the Tower, and not only be debarred the least intercourse with any other person, but be deprived of his books and writings, and prohibited the use of pen, ink, or paper. Gardiner continued in the Tower during the remainder of king Edward's reign; but the rigor of the order of council concerning him appears to have been abated, since in that interval he composed a variety of Latin poems, translated into English verse several of the poetical parts of the Old Testament, and wrote some controversial tracts. He likewise kept up his spirits in his present adverse circumstances, consoling himself that he should live to see a change in public affairs, and another court in which he should enjoy his former influence and power. In the year 1553 his hope was realised; for king Edward having died in the beginning of July, after a short struggle in favour of lady Jane Gray, Mary was universally acknowledged queen, and made her solemn entry into the fower; when Gardiner made a congratulatory speech to her majesty, and being immediately set at liberty, was received into the highest favour. On the 8th day of the same month he performed, in the queen's presence, the Romish obsequies for the late king Edward, who was buried at Westminster with the English service by archbishop Cranmer; on the th he resumed possession of Winchester-house, in Southwark, after a confinement of somewhat more than five years; and on the 23d he was declared chancellor of England, when he became the queen's prime-minister, and was entrusted with the chief management of public affairs.

Being thus raised to the possession of power, he determined, in conformity with the queen's zealous wishes, and his own inclination, as speedily as possible to re-establish the popish religion, and to reconcile the kingdom to the see of Rome. The first step to this end was the issuing of a proclamation, by which all preaching throughout the kingdom was prohibited, excepting by the queen's special licence under the great seal, which Gardiner was empowered to grant, and which it will readily be conceived he withheld from those who were not popishly inclined. In many places the popish party set up images, and introduced the Latin service, with the old rites; in which practice, though it was against law, they were abetted by the council, which harassed with imprisonment and severe usage sir James Hales, one of the judges, for daring to instruct the justices, when on a circuit in Kent,

to put in execution those laws of king Edward which were still in force. Still, however, as none of king Edward's laws relative to religion were yet repealed, the protestant clergy continued to perform public worship, and to celebrate the sacraments, as before. But Gardiner soon contrived means to molest them, as the people attended with peculiar seriousness and diligence, under the apprehension that this liberty would not long be permitted. He sent spies into all the churches in London, who frequently disturbed the ministers with rude words and actions, and then went and laid informations against them before the bishop; in consequence of which they were summoned to his presence, and committed to prison unless they submitted to such terms as he was pleased to prescribe to them. On the 1st of October the bishop of Winchester crowned queen Mary, when a pardon was proclaimed, from the benefit of which all the prisoners in the Tower and the Fleet, and many others, were excepted, who were chiefly Protestants. On the 10th of the same month Gardiner opened the first parliament in Mary's reign. In this parliament an act was passed for confirming the marriage of Catherine of Aragon, the queen's mother, with Henry VIII, in the preamble of which the divorce was pronounced impious and illegal, and the whole blame of it, against all truth and justice, attributed to archbishop Cranmer. Bi. shop Burnet very truly observes, that Gardiner, " in the drawing of it, shewed that he was past all shame: when he could frame such an act, of a business which himself had so violently and so servilely promoted. The laying it all upon Cranmer, was as high a piece of malice and impudence as could be devised: for as Gardiner had been setting it on, long before Cranmer was known to king Henry; so he had been joined with him in the commission, and had given his assent to the sentence which Cranmer gave." As this act afforded a curious instance of that integrity and consistency which his apologists have claimed for the bishop of Winchester, the next which he promoted shewed in what little estimation he held the sacred promises given by Mary on her accession, that she would force no man's conscience on account of religion. It sufficiently proved how well acquainted he and his mistress were with the popish maxim, that no faith is to be kept with heretics. For before the end of the year he caused a bill to be brought into the house of lords, which, after a debate of six days in the house of commons, was at length carried, by which all the laws made in king Edward's time, relating to religion, were re

pealed; and it was alfo enacted, that there hould be no other form of divine service but what had been used in the last year of king Henry VIII. While the parliament was sitting the convocation likewise met, where by artful management there were but six clergymen in the protestant interest, who were reviled, threatened, and interrupted in their arguments. When in the debate, such as it was, Weston, the prolocutor, was hard pressed by their rea soning, he insultingly said to them, "You have the word, but we have the savord;" truly pointing out, says Burnet, wherein the strength of their respective causes lay. By this convocation the popish doctrine of the real presence was declared to be a necessary article of christian faith. Soon after this, several protestant prelates were deprived of their sees, on different pretences, and their places were filled by Papists who had been deprived in the reign of Edward VI. The commission for the deprivation of the former, was directed to Gardiner, Bonner bishop of London, and others. By these proceedings the Protestants were with good reason convinced, that a severe persecution was determined against them; and more than eight hundred of them thought it prudent to consult their safety, by withdrawing into forein parts. David Lloyd tells us, that Gardiner threatened concerning these exiles, that "he would watch their supplies, so that they should eat their nails, and then feed on their fingers' ends." Events soon shewed how well founded were their apprehensions, for in the beginning of the year 1554 the Marshalsea, in London, and the prisons in other parts of the kingdom, were filled with Protestants. Peter Martyr, a learned foreign divine, who had been made divinity-professor at Oxford by king Edward, and was now obliged to quit the kingdom, observed, in a letter to Calvin, that "he doubted not but England would have many famous martyrs, if Winchester, who then managed all, should begin to rage according to his will." Gardiner was now re-chosen chancellor of Cambridge, and restored to the mastership of Trinity-hall in that university, of which, among his other preferments, he had been deprived in the preceding reign. The treaty of marriage between the queen and Philip, son of Charles V. king of Spain, and emperor of Germany, was the next momentous business to which Gardiner's attention was directed, in the manage ment of which, according to Burnet, "he had the chief hand; for he was now the oracle at the council-board." This projected marriage was extremely odious to the nation in general;

and though the articles of it were drawn with much art and plausibility, and seemingly much in favour of England, yet when they were published they gave no satisfaction to the people. The friends of reformation entertained apprehensions, that if it took place, not only popery would be confirmed, but a Spanish government and inquisition be established. And many of the friends to the civil liberties of the kingdom, Catholics as well as Protestants, dreaded that such a measure would prove the means of reducing England to the situation of a province to Spain. The discontent on this head was so general, that it gave rise to the insurrection under sir Thomas Wyat, which was soon quelled; but "the effusion of blood after it," says Burnet, "was thought too liberal; and this excess of punishment was generally cast on Gardiner, and made him become very hateful to the nation." On this occasion the princess Elizabeth was sent to the Tower, under the pretence of her being concerned in Wyat's conspiracy; but as he publicly acquitted her of this charge at his execution, and nothing could be produced against her, she was at length released from her confinement. At the meeting of the second parliament of the queen's reign, in April, 1554, the treaty of the queen's marriage was made the subject of discussion; and as Gardiner had received large remittances from the emperor, by means of which he had secured the votes of many considerable members, the terms of it were ratified by both houses without much opposition. In the month of July following the queen met the Spanish prince at Winchester, where they were married by Gardiner, who was still continued in the chief management of public affairs. This prelate had now brought matters into such a train, by his policy, and the sagacious application of the Spanish treasures, that he was secure of carrying, in the next session of parliament, any measures which might serve to complete the re-establishment of popery, and to glut his thirst for ample vengeance on the Protestants, in retaliation of what he had suffered from them during 'the preceding reign. It had now been determined that cardinal Pole should come over into England, as the pope's legate. Accordingly, when the third parliament of this reign met in the month of November, the act of attainder which had been passed against him during the reign of Henry VIII. was repealed, and a deputation was appointed to attend him into this country. his arrival, he declared to the parliament, which was summoned to attend the king and queen in

After

the House of Lords, the object of his legation, and invited them to reconcile themselves and the kingdom to the apostolic see. Prepared as the two houses were for the business, they immediately united in a supplication to their majesties for that purpose; which being signified to the legate in the royal presence, by the lordchancellor Gardiner, after a long oration the cardinal solemnly absolved them, and received the people of England once more into the bosom of the catholic church. Soon afterwards an act was passed, by which the authority of the Roman pontiff was re-established, though under certain limitations; and a bill quickly followed it, by which the old statutes against heretics, made in the reigns of Richard II., Henry IV., and Henry V., were revived in their full force.

As Gardiner now possessed a legal sanction for indulging to the utmost malignity and cruelty against the Protestants, he gave full scope to his sanguinary disposition; and in the beginning of the year 1555 a very severe and bloody persecution commenced, which was chiefly carried on by Gardiner, and by Bonner bishop of London. For some time, the personal part which the former took in examining and condemning the victims of his own wicked policy and popish bigotry, was so unfeeling and inhuman, that notwithstanding the attempts which have been made to palliate his conduct, and to represent him as an unwilling and reluctant agent in the tragedies which the queen and council, inflamed by the other popish prelates, commanded, his memory must descend to posterity loaded with infamy and execration. For the names of the eminent men whom he pursued to the stake, and the particulars of his behaviour towards them when brought before his tribunal, we must refer to the histories and martyrologies of the times. Finding, however, that by his activity in the bloody work he had rendered himself sufficiently odious, not only to the Protestants, but to all moderate and humane Papists, he withdrew from taking an open part in it, and devolved that task on the merciless Bonner. But when the bishop of Winchester's influence in the administration, and his general character and conduct, are considered, we think it not unfair to conclude with Mr. Gilpin, in his Life of Latimer, that "Bonner was indeed little more than an agent in the hands of Gardiner, who on many occasions chose rather to sit concealed, and work mischief by proxy. It suited the darkness of his disposition, and he found in Bonner an instrument entirely adapted to his purpose; open ears, an impetuous temper, raging zeal, a hardened heart, and an ob

VOL. IV.

stinate perseverance; so that Gardiner had only to wind him up occasionally, and give him a proper direction; and the zealot moved with the regularity of a machine, and with what impetuosity his director impressed." In May, 1555, Gardiner, together with the earl of Arundel and lord Paget, went to Calais, to a kind of congress which was held there for the purpose of mediating a peace between the emperor and the king of France. While they were engaged in this negociation the pope died, upon which they received instructions from the queen to endeavour to obtain the consent of the powers with whom they were treating that cardinal Pole should be raised to the papal dignity. But they failed in both the objects on which they were employed. The new pope was a professed and inveterate enemy to cardinal Pole; but he knew not how to express his hatred towards him after the eminent service which he had rendered to the church, in reconciling England to the Holy See. As Gardiner was apprised of the pope's sentiments, he maintained à private correspondence with him, in which he gave such representations of Pole's conduct as contributed to increase the pope's aversion to him. Our prelate's ambition now led him to entertain hopes of the dignity of cardinal, and of securing to himself the succession to the archbishopric of Canterbury. And the pope had declared to him his resolution, as soon as decency would permit it, to recal Pole, after depriving him of the legantine power, and bestowing it upon himself. It became, therefore, Gardiner's policy to delay the time when, by the degradation or the execution of Cranmer, the archbishopric of Canterbury would be declared vacant; as he knew that if it should take place before Pole was recalled, he would be immediately invested with that see. To this circumstance are we in part to attribute the prolongation of Cranmer's life till after the death of Gardiner. In the month of October, 1555, our prelate opened the sessions of parliament, and within a few days afterwards was taken ill of the gout, according to some writers, but according to others of a suppression of urine, which proved fatal to him on the 13th of November, when he was about seventy-two years of age. He is said to have sustained excruciating agonies on his death-bed, and to have felt great remorse for his past life, often repeating the words, "Erravi cum Petro, sed non flevi cum Petro;"-I have erred with Peter, but I have not wept with Peter. Bishop Gardiner was far from being agreeable in person, as may be collected from the following description of him,

S S

still more those of a Christian and a bishop. By protestant writers his morals are spoken of in a very unfavourable light. He was the author of a treatise "De Vera Obedientia," already mentioned; "Palinodia dicti Libri," or a retraction of the preceding work; "An Explication and Assertion of the true Catholic Faith, touching the most blessed Sacrament of the Altar, &c." written against Cranmer, and printed abroad in 1551; "Confutatio Cavil lationum, quibus, sacrosanctum Eucharista Sacramentum, ab impiis Capernaitis impeti solet," written in the Tower, in reply to an answer of archbishop Cranmer to the last-mentioned piece; and different defences of himself against the attacks of Dr. Turner, Dr. Poynet, and other protestant exiles. Several of his letters to the duke of Somerset, lord protector, and other persons, are extant in the first edition of Fox's

Acts and Monuments," and some to Smith and Cheke on the pronunciation of the Greek language in Bene't college library, at Cam bridge. Biog. Britan. Brit. Biog. Strype's Memorials of Cranmer. Burnet's Hist." Reform vols. I. and II.-M.

written in his life-time by Dr. Poynet, his successor in the see of Winchester in king Edward's reign, though the portrait is evidently caricatured by personal ill-will: "This doctor hath a swart colour, hanging look, frowning brows, eyes an inch within his head, a nose hooked like a buzzard, nostrils like a horse, ever snuffing in the wind, a sparrow mouth, great paws, &c." Of the quickness of his parts, his capacity for business, his qualifications for foreign embassies, and his literary acquirements, we have already made mention in the preceding narrative. He was also an encourager of learning in others, when the parties distinguished by it were of the catholic faith; and he brought up several young gentlemen, some of whom afterwards became considerable characters in public life. Indeed, in two instances, those of sir Thomas Smith, who had been secretary to king Edward VI., and Roger Ascham, both eminent for their proficiency in the languages, and both Protestants, his regard for the interests of learning triumphed over his systematic enmity to heretics; and he permitted the former to live in a state of privacy unmolested, granting him a pension of one hundred pounds a-year, for his better support; and the latter he preferred to be Latin secretary to queen Mary, without noticing the applications of the furious Papists either to punish him for his opinions, or to remove him from his place. But, on the other hand, he was proud and arrogant, obstinate and vain, of unbounded ambition, and master of the most profound dissimulation. Though possessed of much natural courage and resolution, as a courtier he was servile; and he scrupled not to violate his conscience, when he had objects of interest or ambition in view. The part that he acted against the papal supremacy in the reign of Henry VIII., and the concessions which he offered to make in the reign of Edward VI., compared with his subsequent conduct in the reign of Mary, afford abundant evidence of the truth of the preceding remarks. They also shew that he had no fixed principles of religion; and that his persecuting spirit, instead of originating in a misguided conscience, is to be attributed to false and narrow views of policy, and to a cruel malignant nature. When he pleased he could assume a winning address, and display no inconsiderable degree of eloquence; but when he was employed in trying heretics, as well as at other times, he would frequently descend to the lowest abuse and the grossest scurrility, and behave in a manner very unworthy of the characters either of á gentleman or a scholar, and

GARENGEOT, RENE JACQUES CROISSANT DE, an eminent French surgeon, was born of humble parentage at Vitry, in 1688. He settled at Paris, and first raised himself to notice by publishing the discoveries and inventions of others as his own, which gave rise to various litigations. At length he obtained reputation upon better grounds, and became one of the first Parifian surgeons of his time. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of London, and demonstrator-royal in surgery at Paris. He was a dextrous operator, as well as an useful writer. He died in 1759. The works of Garengeot are: "Traité des Operations de Chirurgie," Par. 1720, two vols. 8vo. ; 1731, 1749, three vols. 12mo. This is a valuable performance, containing many practical improvements, though his own right to them has been a matter of controversy. "Nouveau Traité des Instrumens de Chirurgie," Par. 1723, two vols. 12mo. "De l'Operation de la Taille par l'Appareil lateral," Par. 1730, 12ma. "Splanchnologie, ou l'Anatomie des Viscères," Par. 1728, 1742, two vols. 12mo. "Myotomie humaine & canine," Par. 1728, 1750, two vols. 12m0. He also wrote some papers in the Mém. de l'Acad. de Chirurgie, and the Mém. de l'Acad. des Sciences. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Halleri Bibl. Anat. & Chirurg.-A.

GARET, JOHN, a learned French benedictine monk, of the congregation of St. Maur, was born at Havre de Grace about the year

1627. When he was twenty years of age he embraced the ecclesiastical life, which he adorned by his picty and virtues, at the same time that he acquired the respect of his fraternity by his literary proficiency. He died at the abbey of Jumieges, in 1694, when about sixtyseven years of age. To his labours are we indebted for the most valuable edition of the works of "Cassiodorus," in two volumes folio, published at Rouen in 1679, with learned and judicious notes. It was printed under the inspection of Father le Nourri, to whom some authors have, improperly, attributed the preface, and the tables which accompany it. This edition of the works of Cassiodorous is preceded by a curious dissertation on the monastic life of that celebrated Roman senator. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.--M.

GARISSOLES, ANTHONY, an eminent French protestant minister, and professor of divinity, was born at Montauban, in the year 1587. He possessed excellent natural abilities, and an early inclination for learning, which being duly fostered, he made a rapid improvement in the study of the belles-lettres and philosophy, and particularly of the Latin language, which he wrote and spoke with elegance, and with the same facility as he did his native tongue. Afterwards he applied himself to theological literature, with great success and reputation; and when he was twenty-three or twenty-four years of age was admitted into the ministerial function, and appointed one of the pastors of the church at Puylaurens. In the year 1627, the national synod held at Castres nominated him to the office of professor of divinity at Montauban, the duties of which he discharged with great diligence and fidelity, and with distinguished applause, until his death, which took place in the year 1650. He was moderator in the national synod held at Charenton in the year 1645. The writings which he published were partly theological and partly poetical. Of the former kind are a volume of sermons entitled "La Voye de Salut," or The Way to Salvation. Several "Theses," in the Latin language; a treatise "De Christo Mediatore;" "Decreti synodici Carentoniensis, de Imputatione Peccati Adæ, Explicatio & Defensio," 1648, 8vo.; and "Explicatio Catecheseos Religionis Christianæ," 8vo. The principal of his Latin poems was entitled "Adolphidos, sive de Bello Germanico, quod incomparabilis Heros Gustavus Adolphus & pro Germaniæ Procerum & Statuum Libertate gessit." It is an epic poem, in twelve books, and is highly commended for its skilful construction and variety

of images, interesting episodes, noble sentiments, and elegant latinity. The author sent his son to Sweden for the express purpose of presenting it to queen Christina, who greatly commended it, and honoured the author with a fine gold medal, besides bestowing on him a pecuniary recompence, by which the expences of his son's journey were largely repaid. Garissoles also wrote a Latin poem on the coronation of Christina, and another in praise of the four protestant Swiss cantons, which he sent to them with his book "De Imputatione," which he dedicated to them. In testimony of their respect for his character and their esteem of his works, they sent him in return four filver gilt cups, of exquisite workmanship, accompanied with a Latin letter, full of encomiums, and signed by the four syndics of the four cantons. Moreri. Bayle. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-M.

GARNIER, JOHN, a learned French Jesuit in the seventeenth century, was born at Paris in the year 1612. He entered on his noviciate when he was sixteen years old, and discovering a quick capacity, and an avidity for learning, he received those advantages of instruction by which, through his sedulous application, he rose to considerable literary eminence among his contemporaries. After having for some time taught the classics and rhetoric with great success and applause, he filled the chair of philosophical professor at Paris, and other places, for seven years, and was then appointed to the professorship of theology, the duties of which he ably discharged for twenty-six years. In 1681 he was deputed to attend at Rome, on some business of moment relating to his society; but falling sick on his journey, he died at Bologna, in the seventieth year of his age. He was the author, or editor, of various works, which afford ample evidence of his learning and abilities: such as "Organi Philosophie Rudimenta," 1651, reprinted with enlargements in 1677; "Theses de Philosophia morali," 1651; "Regule Fidei Catholicæ de Gratia Dei per Jesum Christum," 1655; " Juliani Eclanensis Episcopi Libellus missus ad Sedem Apostolicam, Notis illustratus," 1668; "Marii Mercatoris Opera, Gr. & Lat." in two vols. folio, 1673, illustrated with a vast mass of very learned notes, commentaries, dissertations, &c. "Liberati Diaconi Breviarium, cum Notis & Dissertationibus," 1675, 8vo.; "Liber Diurnus Romanorum Pontificum," 1680, 4to. accompanied with historical notes and very curious dissertations; and a supplement to the works of Theodoret, published after the author's death, in 1684, and entitled "Auctu