The removed to London, and opened a seminary near Cripplegate, in which part of the town at that time were good houses with large gardens, fit for the accommodation of persons of the best fashion. Here he rose to such reputation, that he is said at one time to have had more than three hundred scholars, many of them of rank and fortune. He made himself known to the learned world by the publication of critical works, and obtained the degree of M.A. at Cambridge, in 1616, in which he was afterwards incorporated at Oxford. Wearied at length with living in London, he removed to Seven-oaks in Kent, where he continued to take boarders. He grew wealthy, and purchased estates both in that county and in Sussex. At the commencement of the civil wars, he manifested disaffection to the cause of the parliament; and upon a suspicion of being concerned in an insurrection in favour of the king about Tunbridge, in 1643, he was imprisoned in Newgate, and a motion was made for his banishment to America. This, however, was rejected, and he was removed to a milder confinement at Ely-house, where he remained a considerable time. He died, probably at Sevenoaks, in 1647, at the age of seventy-two. Farnaby published editions, with explanatory notes, of Juvenal and Persius;" "Seneca's Tragedies;" "Martial's select Epigrams;" and "Lucan's Pharsalia" also, notes to Virgil, Ovid, and Terence. He likewise published an "Index Rhetoricus & Poëticus;" "Florilegium Epigrammatum Græcorum;" and "Systema Grammaticum;" which last was composed by order of king Charles, who meant to substitute a new Latin grammar to that hitherto taught by authority. He drew up other small pieces for the use of schools; and upon the whole may be considered as a great benefactor to early classical education, in which respect his merits have been acknowledged by several eminent foreign scholars. Biog. Britan.-A.

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diately applied himself with great assiduity to military duties. Laying aside (says Bentivoglio). the prerogative of his birth, he interested himself in every thing that concerned the army. He transformed himself into every nation; spoke almost all their languages; was among the first to undertake every fatigue, and among the last to relinquish it; rejected all indulgences of sleep and food; and was clad more like a soldier than like a prince. To these qualities were added a vigour of body not inferior to that of his mind, and a martial aspect which promised victory. Grotius subjoins to this picture, a closeness of disposition, and the Italian art of dissimulation, with skill to act upon men's minds by the alternations of severity and clemency. He distinguished himself during the short remainder of don John's administration, and upon the death of that governor, 1578, was appointed to succeed him. He immediately set on foot a negociation for the recovery of the Walloon provinces, and at the same time undertook the siege of Maestricht, which he obliged to surrender. Proceeding in a career of success, he recovered most of the towns in Brabant and Flanders, and at length laid siege to Antwerp. He encountered prodigious difficulties in his operations against this important place, which was capable of receiving constant supplies by water, till he shut up the Scheld by a vast bridge or mound. This enterprise occupied nearly a year, during which, however, he took Brussels, Ghent, and other places. He made his triumphant entry into Antwerp in 1585, having first been decorated with the order of the golden fleece for his reward. He granted favourable terms to the town, and completed his conquest of those provinces of the Low-countries which have since remained under the Spanish or Austrian sovereignty. Extending his views to farther successes, he resolved to attack the confederacy of the seven Dutch provinces, now openly aided by queen Elizabeth, who sent over an army to their succour under the earl of Leicester. Nimeguen had already fallen, and the prince took Grave, Venlo, and Sluys: Deventer was delivered to him by treachery. Leicester was recalled, and was suc ceeded by an abler general, prince Maurice Nassau. The prince of Parma duke by his father's death 1588, to command th conquest of Englang port in order to should ha of the S

FARNESE, ALEXANDER, duke of Parma and Placentia, one of the greatest captains of his time, was son of Octavio Farnese, duke of Parma, and of Margaret of Austria, natural daughter of the emperor Charles V. He was born in 1546; and after being educated in the court of king Philip II., he early embraced the profession of arms, and was present in his eighteenth year at the battle of Lepanto. In 1566 he married Mary, a princess of the royal blood of Portugal. When his kinsman, don John of Austria, governor of the Low-countries, resolved to act hostilely against the revolters, he joined him at the king's request, and imme

ive, to the great happiness of England, which might have been reduced to extreme danger, had such a general with a veteran army been landed near the capital. The duke afterwards made an attempt upon Bergen-op-Zoom, but was foiled, and about this time the symptoms of a dropsy began to appear in him, brought on by his incessant toils of war in an unhealthy climate. In 1590 he was against his inclination obliged to march into France in succour of the league, which Philip II. was determined to support in its resistance to Henry IV. The duke performed the object of his mission, which was to raise the siege of Paris; in which he displayed great military skill, together with much prudence in avoiding a battle, which was not to his purpose. When Henry, with the ardour of his character, sent a herald to challenge him to a pitched fight, the duke sensibly returned for answer, that he was accustomed to fight at his own pleasure, and not at that of his adversary, and that he should not shun an engagement when he found such a measure expedient. When Paris was relieved, he returned to his proper scene of action, Flanders, having first, at the urgent request of the league, assisted in taking Corbeil. He found the Spanish interest much declined in consequence of his absence. Maurice had recovered several places, and the duke was unable to prevent his regaining the important town of Nimeguen. He was again, in 1592, ordered to march into France, where the affairs of the league became daily more unprosperous. He joined the catholic army, and marched to the relief of Rouen, then besieged by Henry. In consequence of various masterly movements he obliged the king to raise the siege, and then, with the duke of Mayenne, he entered and succoured the place. He then proceeded to the siege of Caudebec, before which, as he was reconnoitring, he received a gun-shot wound in his arm. Caudebec was taken by the confederates; but the king, having greatly augmented his army, now pressed closely upon the duke, and reduced him to great straits for want of provision. Henry thought of nothing less than compelling the whole army to surrender, when the duke of Parma, by unexpectedly crossing the in his rear, escaped the difficulty, his troops safely to Flanas the admiration of all ed the reputation of its d greatly debilitated, and aily gaining ground upon g Philip to send him a Teeling master, however,

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resolving that he should again march into France, gave him orders to make new levies and prepare for his departure. He repaired, in consequence, to Arras, where he died in December, 1592, at the age of forty-six. He was buried, according to his request, in the convent of Capuchins at Parma, invested with the habit of that religious order. A statue of bronse was erected in his honour at Rome. Bentivoglio, Guerr. di Fiandra. Grotii Annal. Belg. Moreri.-A.

FARQUHAR, GEORGE, a popular writer of comedy, was the son of a clergyman in the north of Ireland, and was born at Londonderry about 1678. He is said very early to have discovered a genius for poetry; his residence, however, at Trinity-college, Dublin, does not seem to have been distinguished by any proof of abilities, and there is reason to believe that his conduct at that seminary caused his expulsion. His fondness for dramatic exhibitions induced him to try his fortune as an actor upon the Dublin stage; but his powers of voice were inadequate and the accident of wounding a brother player in a tragedy-scene, through the neglect of exchanging his sword for a foil, at once terminated his attempts in that profession. About the year 1696, he accompanied his friend Wilks the player to London. At what period it was that a lieutenant's commission was conferred upon him by the earl of Orrery, is not certain; but there is no doubt that for a considerable time he sustained the military character. He first appeared as a dramatic writer in 1698, when his play of "Love and a Bottle" was brought upon the stage at Drury-lane, with great success. This was followed, in 1700, by "The Constant Couple, or a Trip to the Jubilee;" a piece which proved extremely popular, and greatly raised his reputation as a writer of comedy. The character of sir Harry Wildair was regarded as the true model of the easy libertine of fashion. It became a favourite part of the comedian Wilks, and has ever since afforded a display of the powers of actors in sprightly and genteel comedy, both male and (strange as it may seem) female. Farquhar was in Holland towards the end of this year, probably upon military duty; and' some of his letters contain humourous descriptions of the manners and customs of that country. He seems, in London, to have lived much with the players, and it is said that he first brought the celebrated actress Mrs. Oldfield upon the stage. In 1701 appeared his "Sir Harry Wildair," a sequel of the former comedy, but, like most second parts, less successful.

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16.15, obtained him much reputation as an clegant and easy versifier. It produced a complimentary poem from Denham, who praises him for venturing to quit the mode of servile and lieral translation, and giving the spirit with the sense of the original. His version of the His version of the Lusiad of Camoens appears to have been less popular, and it is severely criticised by the late translator, Mickle, whose splendour of versification and abundant liberties were, perhaps, necessary to render such a work pleasing in an English dress. Fanshawe likewise translated parts of Horace and Virgil, and two dramatic pieces from the Spanish. He rendered Fletcher's Faithful Shepherdess into Latin verse. Biog. Britan.-A.

FARE, CHARLES-AUGUSTUS, marquis de la, a French poet and memoir-writer, was born at Val-gorge in the Vivarais, in 1644. He was captain of the guards to monsieur, brother to Lewis XIV. and to the duke of Orleans his son, afterwards regent. He was a courtier and a man of pleasure, and was particularly intimate with the abbé de Chaulieu, whom he imitated in his easy and agreeable style of writing. Voltaire (in his Siècle de Louis XIV.) asserts, that his talent for poetry did not shew itself till he was near sixty, and that his first verses were an elegant compliment to mad. de Caylus. The little he wrote was never distinguished for correctness, but pleased by its ingenious turns, and happy negligence. His poems are printed after those of Chaulieu in St. Marc's edition. La Fare also wrote "Memoirs and Reflections on the principal Events of the Reign of Lewis XIV." 12mo. which are composed with a satirical freedom that has been censured by the grave panegyrists of that period. The society, indeed, in which he lived, was discontented with the court, and fond of depreciating it. The marquis died in 1712. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Euvres de Chaulieu.-A.

FAREL, WILLIAM, one of the first, most eminent, and intrepid ministers of the reformed church, was the son of a gentleman of Dauphiné, in France, and born at Gap, in the year 1489. He pursued his academic studies at the university of Paris, where he distinguished himself by his proficiency in philosophy, and the Greek and Latin languages. In that university he recommended himself to the acquaintance and intimacy of James le Fevre, of Etaples, who was one of its greatest ornaments, by whose interest he obtained the appointment of tutor in the college of cardinal le Moine. It is probable, also, that his intercourse with that learned man, who, though a papist, was

a friend to liberal enquiry, produced on his mind those impressions which determined him to separate from the Romish communion. In the year 1521 he was invited by William Briçonet, bishop of Meaux, who was inclined to the principles of the Reformation, to preach in that city, where he appears boldly and freely to have propagated the new opinions. In the year 1523, however, a persecution was commenced at Meaux, by the Franciscans, against those whom they called heretics, which obliged Farel to provide for his safety by quitting France. On this occasion he retired to Strasburg, where he was acknowledged as a brother by Bucer and Capito, as he was afterwards by Zuingle at Zurich, by Haller at Bern, and by colampadius at Basil. At the latter city, in the year 1524, he publicly defended theses in opposition to the doctrines and usages of the catholics, before a vast number of persons, both ecclesiastics and laics; but was soon afterwards obliged, by the violence of the popish faction, to quit the place. Farel possessed that stock of learning, zeal, and intrepidity, and those persuasive talents, which peculiarly qualified him for gaining proselytes to the principles which he had embraced; on which account he was advised to undertake the reformation of Montbeliard. As he enjoyed the protection of · the duke of Wirtemberg, the lord of that place, he pursued the design in which he had embarked with great success, but not without discovering an intemperate warmth in the bitter expressions which he applied to the popish priests, and an imprudence of conduct that could not be defended. Once, upon a proces sion-day, he wrested from the hands of a priest the image of St. Anthony, and threw it from the bridge into the river; which action was not only a gross breach of decorum and toleration, but, if the people had not been panicstruck by the boldness of it, might have terminated his labours among them, and his life. This violence of temper which he displayed, led Erasmus to draw a very unfavourable picture of him in his Epistles, the colours of which received some heightening from the resentment felt by him for injuries conceived to have been done him in some writings of Farel. Ecolampadius, however, succeeded in moderating his spirit by friendly remonstrances, which reflect great credit on that eminent reformer. "Men may be led," said he in his correpondence with him, "but will not be driven by force. me leave as a friend, and as a brother to a brother, to say, you do not seem in every respect to remember your duty. You were sent to

Give

preach, and not to rail. I excuse, nay I commend your zeal, so that it be not without meekness. Endeavour, my brother, that this advice may have its desired effect, and I have reason to rejoice that I gave it. Pour on wine and oil in due season, and demean yourself as an evangelist, and not as a tyrannical legislator." In the year 1528 Farel proved successful in propagating the principles of the reformation at Aigle, and in the bailiwic of Mozat, notwithstanding the fury with which he was opposed by the priests, and the threatenings which were denounced against him. In the year 1529 he went to Neufchatel, where he combated the catholic party with such activity and efficacy, that in the following year the reformed religion was established in that city. Some time after this he was sent deputy to the synod of the Vaudois, in the Valley of Angrogne, and when that mission was terminated visited Geneva, where he openly disputed against the tenets of popery; but he was obliged to retire from that city in consequence of the violent opposition that was excited against him by the grand-vicar, and the other ecclesiastics. Calvin, however, very properly gave him the title of the Father of the Reformed Church in that place: for when, in the year 1534, the inhabitants expressed a disposition to renounce the Romancatholic religion, he was recalled thither, and proved the principal instrument of effectuating its entire suppression. In the year 1538 he was banished from Geneva, together with Calvin, for refusing to submit to some ecclesiastical regulations decreed by the synod of Bern; on which occasion he retired to Basil, and afterwards to Neufchatel, where he exercised his ministerial functions till the year 1542. Measures were at one time taken to procure his dismission from that place, out of resentment for the freedom which he assumed in censuring the irregularities of particular persons, and his zeal in enforcing the severity of church discipline upon offenders; but by the remonstrances of the lords of Bern, with the governor and council, and burghers of Neufchatel, they were counteracted, and "Farel with new vigour thundered more fiercely than ever against the depravation of manners." In the year last mentioned, a prospect offering of planting a reformed church at Metz, he went to that city, where he gained numerous proselytes, but was harassed and persecuted by the priests, who engaged the senate to interfere in putting a stop to his labours, and punishing his followers. In these circumstances the members of the new

VOL. IV.

church, with their pastor, were obliged to quit Metz, and take refuge in the abbey of Gorze, where the count of Furstenberg took them under his protection. Their enemies, however, besieged them in their asylum, and obliged them to surrender upon a capitulation. While the terms were executing, Farel was so happy as to escape the search that was made after him, and returned to his former flock at Neufchatel, to whose service, excepting while he paid short visits to other churches, he devoted his future labours. In the year 1553 he was forced to appear at Geneva, in consequence of a prosecution that had been commenced against him for a capital offence, of which he had been accused, according to Calvin, by men of bad character, out of resentment for the freedom with which he had reproved them for their vices. We are not informed of the result of this affair; but Calvin laments, in strong and indignant terms, the disgrace that was brought upon the city by the steps taken by the senate in the business, which he speaks of as affording a proof of ingratitude, that must raise a just aversion in all men of probity and honour. It was while Farel was at Geneva on this business, that he brought indelible disgrace on his own character, by assisting at the execution of Servetus. Notwithstanding that he had himself often suffered for conscience sake, and for strenuously vindicating his own christian liberty, yet he could so far lose sight of its true principles, as to be guilty of sanctioning the base and cruel murder of a supposed erring brother, who had dared to follow his example in judging for himself with respect to matters of religious opinion! In 1558, when he was sixty-nine years of age, Farel took to himself a wife. This circumstance many of his friends thought to be unseasonable; but he defended it on various grounds, which are enumerated and enlarged upon by Mr. Bayle. In the year 1564 Farel went again to Geneva, to take his last leave of Calvin, who was dangerously ill; and in the following year took a journey to Metz, at the invitation of his old flock, to witness the fruits which had been produced from the seed which he had sown amongst them, notwithstanding the opposition and persecutions to which they had been exposed. A few months after his return from this journey, he died at Neufchatel, in 1565, when he was about seventy-six years of age. He was a man of a bold and undaunted spirit, whom no difficulties could appal, no threatenings or personal inconveniences and hazards deter, from propagating what he consi

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